The Impact Of Environmental Sustainability On The...

Kristina King Soc 327 October 9, 2015 Reflection Paper # 1 If out of the 17 U.N. Millennium Development Goals for 2030 could be achieved, I feel that ensuring environmental sustainability would be most crucial. Environmental sustainability and development is necessary to reduce poverty and increase the wellbeing of not only today’s people, but for future generations.(1) These global environment isssues require a global solution. However inequality between countries creates environmental issues, uneven development, and difficulty and finding solutions. (2) I believe as humans we are dependent on the environment. Sustaining the environment to me trumpets all other goals the UN proposes to meet. Ensuring environmental stability is the core that allows the other goals listed to be able to function. Finding a solution to poverty and hunger is a very critical goal I would love to see met, but that cannot function without first providing a sound stable safe environment. Environmental sustainability is intertwined with poverty, hunger, and disease. Climate changes and global poverty combined affect the people of the poor rural areas that are dependent on natural resources for their survival and support to their families. How important can the issue of maternal health and universal education be to the laymen of these rural areas, who are worried about providing their families next meal. Ensuring environmental sustainability falls under goal 7. Four main targets are listed inShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Environmental Sustainability On The Environment1523 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction Environmental sustainability is a major cause for concern in the world today. The entire world has come to the realization of some of the dangers posed by unsafe environmental practices such as dumping of effluents into the sea and releasing smoke and dust into the atmosphere. There has been a renewed interest in handling the environmental concerns by making deliberate and collaborative efforts to address the situation (Blewitt 17). The coming into force of legal instruments such asRead MoreThe Environment And Sustainable Development Essay1432 Words   |  6 PagesMrema is an environmental activist who uses her passion of law to help sustain the environment. Sharon Clark is a principle at the office of the Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development (CESD), and uses her background in political science to examine the government s impact on the environment. Finally, graduates of Dalhousie’s Sustainability program explain where their degree in sustainability has taken them. Through the stories of people who have applied sustainability to thingsRead MoreThe Incompatibility Between Economic Sustainability And Ecological Sustainability1714 Words   |  7 Pagesincompatibility between economic sustainability and ecological sustainability is a contentious issue, specifically within the area of politics, technology, society, financial economies and environmental issues. When discussing such a matter the terms, sustainability, economic sustainability and ecological sustainability should be defined. Sustainability: the equality of environmental, social and economic necessities between today’s generation and tomorrow’s generation. Economic Sustainability: the employment ofRead MoreSustainability Accounting And Non Financial Reporting1052 Words   |  5 Pagesnewly established area in accounting, sustainability accounting and reporting extends the traditional model of financial and non-financial reporting to incorporate the company’s operational information, social and environmental activities, and their ability to deal with related risks. Not only do these acts have effects on society and the environment, but they also directly impact company’s financial statements. The most widely accepted definition of sustainability that has emerged over time is the â€Å"tripleRead MoreCase study Question 1 Community expectations are not static as they change with the passage of1000 Words   |  4 Pagesorganisations are required to be responsive to current and future changes to the environment in which they operate to maintain their legitimacy. To find the current expectations of the community and changes occurred in their expectations over time, often attitudinal surveys are conducted. In 1996, according to the survey, crime was the largest social issue followed by health, education, unemployment and environment. In this priority of concerns of the public, organisations need to pay attentionRead MoreManagement Of Information Technology ( Bco6653 )1376 Words   |  6 Pagesorganisation. Green IT is a combination of multiple features such as cost of wastage and recycling, environmental efficiency and sustainable environment. As mentioned by () It is important to know that there are direct and indirect impacts of Green It. The direct impact decreases the effect of IT on environment and the indirect impact arises when IT is used in the process of initiation foe sustainability. The major objective of Green IT strategy is to save energy and manage the related costs while steadilyRead MoreGlobal Business And Its Sustainability Essay1745 Words   |  7 Pagesbusiness and its sustainability can contribute significantly to present and upcoming accomplishment of organizatio ns. A major success factor for change towards sustainability in corporate world is incorporation of environmental, economic and societal goals. This incorporation is an important achievement, however it require a systematic approach which itself is a major challenge for organizations. Therefore, there is a significant need to acknowledge subject’s related to sustainability, which shouldRead MorePuma Corporation s Integrative Managerial Issues Regarding Social Responsibility Essay1213 Words   |  5 Pagespractices. One corporation that exceeds expectations when it comes to corporate social responsibility is Puma Corporation. Their latest social responsibility initiatives aim to tackle such important issues as globalization, social sustainability, and environmental sustainability. Puma Corporation is an international company that designs, develops, and sells various types of sportswear, including footwear, clothing, and accessories. Founded in 1948 by Rudolf Dassler, this corporation has grown to be oneRead MoreEffective Governance And Sustainability : An Definition Of Sustainable Development1398 Words   |  6 PagesEffective governance and sustainability are increasingly important considerations for governments, organizations, business leaders, investors, consumers and many other stakeholders throughout the world. Good corporate governance and complexity of sustainable development demands for global cooperation, based mainly on joint co-ordination of strategies and adopting of the best decisions. 1.1 Definition of sustainable Development: the term sustainable development was popularized in our common futureRead MoreSustainability Reporting Of The United States1672 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Sustainability reporting in the United States is still a work in progress. While more countries around the world are requiring companies to report the effects of their business activities as part of their annual report, this practice is still voluntary in the US. Even though sustainability reporting is not required, companies generally disclose sustainable information on their websites or through social media. Being social responsible builds a certain type of bond that brings internal and The Impact Of Environmental Sustainability On The... Introduction Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (1, 2). Figure 1-Sustainable development: the interaction of social Environmental and Economic factors (3) The purpose of the report inspired by the above statement made on the Brundtland Report, 1987, is to link the concept of environmental sustainability to architecture and in particular in the context of city planning, building design and materials. The topic was chosen by the author as is in direct relation with his discipline of Civil and structural engineering. The way buildings are constructed and decommissioned has a major impact on the environment as well as the society itself. The incorporation of sustainability in the architectural design can help the creation of self-sufficient, stable, economically viable communities. The ecological footprint of a structure in terms of an individual unit or a whole set of units composing a metropolis, should not have a detrimental effect to the already heavily affected by humans’ natural environment (4). There is a way through smart design, innovative thinking and technological innovation to not only limit the detrimental effects of the construction but also make a positive contribution to environment and cater in a better way for the people’s physical and psychological wellbeing(4, 5). Several paradigms in the main body of the report do demonstrate that theShow MoreRelatedEnvironmental Sustainability And Global Warming1249 Words   |  5 Pages Sustainability ‘Sustainability’ and all its connotations have become the term of the millennium thus far, although it was an idea introduced in the 1980’s. It encompasses many interpretations, and has taken on a very loaded and preconceived meaning. Many have a vision of green initiatives and global warming-based issues, but what does it mean to the in today’s society? Even when narrowed to the disciplines of architecture and planning, it is a multifaceted and loaded concept. Kenny and MeadowcroftRead MoreHuman And Natural Drivers Of Climate Change1732 Words   |  7 PagesClimate Change in relation to Architecture Tallis Holloway - s5015034 There are many human and natural drivers of climate change, cities and buildings in particular are increasingly affected by risks linked to rapid environmental changes and their impact themselves on the atmosphere however architect s can help limit many contributing factors. This paper examines the role of this profession, architecture s contribution to climate change mitigation/adaption and how architect s can assist in limitingRead MoreSustainable Education And Green Campus Design Creating A Marketing Value For The Universities1498 Words   |  6 PagesHigher Education Development in Turkey through Participation-Empowerment of the Community and Green Campus Design Creating a Marketing Value for the Universities. Sub-topics: 1. Sustainable Architecture Definition 2. Sustainable Initiatives/Policies 3. Social Sustainability 4. Sustainable Architecture as Branding 6. Rethinking the Principles of Sustainable Higher Education 1. Sustainable Architecture Definition 1.1. Bruntland, Gro. Our common future: The world commission on environment and developmentRead MoreEnvironmental Impact On The Environmental Crisis1675 Words   |  7 Pages1.1.3 Ecological Design: The evident response to the environmental crisis One natural response to the current crisis and the shift in designers’ discourse has been the engagement in Ecological Design, or Eco-design, described by Orr (2002) as a large concept that joins science and the practical arts with ethics, politics, and economics that, requires â€Å"not just a set of generic design skills but rather the collective intelligence of a community of people applied to particular problems in a particularRead MoreArb Part 1 Sample3118 Words   |  13 PagesThe Analytical Commentary for Part 1 Prescribed Exam GC1 Design GC1.1 The project 9 Crescent Road (A) meets the required criteria by demonstrating how analysis, research, context, budget, preparation and development of a brief inform a design proposal. 1.1.1 Analysis of information is sourced throughout Work Stages A-C: (Stages A-B) †¢ Initial (A1) client brief †¢ Site Survey (A6) †¢ Design Brief (A2) analysing the clients spatial requirements †¢ Fee Proposal (A4)Read MoreHolistic Urban Initiatives: Curitiba, Brazil Essay example1369 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Curitiba is globally recognized for its innovative urban strategies that have allowed the city to grow in a controlled and socially equitable manner. The unique political culture that drove the sweeping changes in Curitiba can be best described as a benevolent authoritarian regime. An authoritarian style of governance is not typically associated with comprehensive and inclusive urban planning, however the cast of characters that set the stage for comprehensive development worked as a collectiveRead MoreDifferent Climatic Conditions For Marine Desert Areas6797 Words   |  28 Pages Design Objectives And Response The objective behind the design of houses depending on the climate is to reduce the uncomfortable weather conditions that have been created by the drought and high temperatures. Buildings must be adapted to bear the contradiction in temperature between summer and winter, as well as night and day. Like there is a need for coolingRead MoreRole Of Engineers During The Planning Process2157 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Peace Bridge is a cycle-footpath bridge across the River Foyle in Derry, Ireland. It connected the Walled city centre and the Ebrington redevelopment site. The bridge opened to the public in 25 June 2011. Peace Bridge won many excellence awards such as Structural Steel Design award, ICE North East Region Robert Stephenson award and the Overall planning award by the Irish Planning Institute. The government and the public have described the bridge as a sustainable infrastructure asset, whichRead MoreDesign - Student Center Case Study and Analysis (Complete)5503 Words   |  23 Pages------------------------------------------------- Table of Contents Definition †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 Design Parameters †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Design Strategies †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Case Studies of a Student Center Foreign †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Local †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 18 Site Analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 24 Bibliography †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 27 Space ProgrammingRead MoreEmerging Cities Of The Arab Emirates3204 Words   |  13 PagesEmerging Cities in United Arab Emirates The United Arab Emirates is a very wealthy country due to their global position in the export of oil. Within this country is home of two prestigious cities in the development of becoming international hubs within the business and social world. Dubai is developing as the significant commercial gateway to the Middle East. As stated by Mike Davis, in his article called, â€Å"Sand, Fear, and Money in Dubai† he says, â€Å"Dubai is a prototype of the new post-global city, which

An Analysis of the Islamic Resistance Movement Hamas...

Background: Radical Islamism in the Middle East Throughout the course of history, particularly over the last century, the Middle East has been identified as a growing source of hostility and violence due to its extensive involvement in religious conflict, ethnic rivalry, territorial dispute, and war. Poor governance, as well as the absence of an effective civil society and the lack of the rule of law, has led to the demise of several states within the region. Such instability has fostered the growth of religious extremism and brutality while insurgent groups and established terrorist organizations have converted these territories into safe havens to facilitate their radical operations. As a result, almost every country in the Middle East†¦show more content†¦The Islamic Resistance Movement adopted its belief system from one of the darkest times in history: the Holocaust. Hamas possesses a radical Islamist ideology of blatant anti-Semitism in which it openly calls for â€Å" the killing of Jews, destroying the state of Israel and replacing Israel with a radical Islamist theocracy.† In spite of this, Hamas derives its guidelines from the Islamic religion; the movement refers to the Qur’an for its thinking, understanding and views about existence, life and humanity, inspiration, and conduct. On account of the movement’s Islamic core, Hamas invites all Muslims who share similar beliefs and judgment to join in its ranks to fulfill their religious obligation to Allah. Since Hamas is an interrelated branch of the Muslim Brotherhood, there is a lot of overlap in the viewpoints between the two movements concerning the same key issues, as stated in article two of the charter. While the primary goal of both factions is to transformShow MoreRelatedEssay on Hamas2640 Words   |  11 Pagesof a Terrorist Group Hamas:    The Group’s Origins       â€Å"Hamas is an Arabic acronym for the Islamic Resistance Movement†.       A long history of suicide bombings and other attacks on Israeli civilians and military targets has earned Hamas a well deserved reputation as a murderous terrorist organization.    Hamas’s origins stretch back decades through the Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine; and Hamas took it current shape during the early years of the intifada. Hamas was not only formed to resistRead MoreEvolution Of The Islamic State8537 Words   |  35 PagesIntroduction The so-called â€Å"Islamic State,† also known as ISIS (Islamic State in Iraq and Syria) or ISIL (Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant), has captivated the world’s attention as of late. Its brutal tactics, vehement opposition to western-influenced societal norms, and ultra-radical interpretation of Sharia law have sent scholars, journalists, government officials, and ordinary citizens into a frenzy trying to comprehend this troubling phenomenon. ISIS is responsible for countless atrocitiesRead MoreAshes Of Ham The Muslim Brotherhood1992 Words   |  8 PagesThe novel Ashes of Hama: The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria attempts to bridge the gap of knowledge towards the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood through an objectively comprehensive examination of the political, historical, and ideological evolution of the party. Raphaà «l Lefà ¨vre attempts to rectify the lack of concrete knowledge through accessing the memoirs of two former Syrian jihadists (Mutafa Setmarian Nasar and Ayman al-Shorbaj) and creates a clear narrative of the events in chronological order. ThisRead MoreAnalyzing Hezbollah And Its Use Of Violence Against Israel3344 Words   |  14 Pagesincorporation of political Islam. Slightly diverging from previous areas of scholarly research and analysis, this paper will, from a political economy perspective, drawing facts from history, assess Hezbollah’s strategic use of violence in its resistance against Israel, precisely during the period from 1982 to 2000.2 In this paper, I argue that Hezbollah was able to achieve its goals of resistance against Israeli occupation in south Lebanon, because of its ability to secure a strategic relationshipRead MoreAshes Of Ham The Muslin Brotherhood1987 Words   |  8 PagesThe novel Ashes of Hama: The Muslin Brotherhood in Syria attempts to bridge the gap of knowledge towards the Syrian Muslin Brotherhood through an objectively comprehensive examination of the political, historical, and ideological evolution of the party. Raphaà «l Lefà ¨vre attempts to rectify the lack of concrete knowledge through accessing the memoirs of two former Syrian jihadists (Mutafa Setmarian Nasar and Ayman al-Shorbaj) and creates a clear narrative of the events in chronological order. ThisRead MoreStrategic Relations Between Saudi Arabia And Iraq3133 Words   |  13 Pagesfor support. From Iran’s perspective too, when viewed though this sectarian prism, it would seem to be expedient to support a nominally Shia regime in order to prevent Syria becoming another member of the regional ‘Sunni campâ⠂¬â„¢. In support of this analysis, Agha and Khalidi claim that â€Å"the Shiite-Alawite connection did play an important part in the development of Syrian-Iranian relations and may in fact be seen as one of the main motors of the of the emerging alliance between the two countries† (AghaRead MoreHas the Nature of Terrorism Changed over the Last Thirty Years?2896 Words   |  12 Pagesthree specific examples of terrorist campaigns. This essay will endeavour to give an historical analysis of contemporary terrorism and its changing nature by focusing on three specific terrorist campaigns over the last thirty years. The essay will begin by first presenting a definition of terrorism and will move on to provide a brief account of the geographical shift in terrorism by discussing the movement from territorial based terrorism to more ideological focused campaigns. In addition, it will giveRead MoreHuman Right For The People Of Israel And Palestine3556 Words   |  15 Pagesdisenfranchised groups. Women who had participated in literacy programs and skill- training courses initiated by the women’s committees, provided Palestinian women in the Gaza Strip and West Bank with an opportunity and an incentive to join the women’s movement and utilize what they had learned. As a means to protect their homes, families and communities, a majority of Palestinian women became politically involved. In the progression of this involvement, women learned vital skills, which prompted them toRead MoreThe Formation of Arab Nations1956 Words   |  8 Pagesreligion until the 1990 Gulf War. In a successful effort to gain the support of his citizens for the invasion of Kuwait, Hussein used religious reasons to construct his argument (Long 67). He added the phrase â€Å"God is Great† to the national flag, a key Islamic phrase (Long). By 2003, and the US invasion of Iraq, religion had become an integral part of Iraqi nationalism. Egypt, perhaps the epitome of Arab nationalism, also experienced upheaval after the end of World War II. Egypt had a military coup inRead MoreThe Fluctuating Fortunes Of Counterinsurgency : Is Tossing The Coin A Reasonable Approach?3422 Words   |  14 Pagesâ€Å"post-conflict† rather that there would be a â€Å"very different type of sustained cold war.† The war on terrorism as it stood then was and would be â€Å"only a part of a period of continuing tension and episodic crises in dealing with hostile extremist movements and regimes, that could last for decades. Sustained by deep economic problems and demographic pressures that would create a youth explosion, and by the regional failures of secularism at both the political and ideological level, these threats would

Ramanujam free essay sample

Ramanujans first collection of poems The Striders appeared in 1966. In 1969 he won the gold medal of the Tamil Writers* Association for his translation of the classical Tamil anthology Kurunihohai into English under the title The Interior Landscape. Relations appeared in 1971. His next book, Speaking of Siva* translations from medieval Kannada literature* was given the National Book Award in 1974. Ramanujans other important publications are The Literature of India; An Introduction (1975) and Selected Poems (1976). Ramanujans poetry is an amalgam of Indian and American experiences. Its origin is *recollected personal emotion*. He draws upon our cultural traditions and the ethos of the orthodox Hindu family life. The major theme in his poetry is a pensive obsession with the familial and racial reminiscences. Even ordinary incidents and experiences seem to provide him with new insights enabling his memory to travel back nostalgically into the happenings of two or three generations. His favourite disciplines linguistics and anthropology gave him the outer forms linguistic, metrical, logical and other such ways of shaping experience*. Ramanujan has drawn effectively on the folklore tradition and each poem presents a kaleidoscopic view of the colour patterns of existence. Passion and reason characterise his poetry suggesting a desperate need for evolving an integrated personality in a chaotic world-of several alienations. Ramanujans poetry is essentially Indian in material and sensibility. He explains the paradox in a note to Twentieth Century Indian Poets: English and my disciplines (linguistics, anthropology) give me my outer forms— linguistic, metrical, logical and other such ways of shaping experience, and my first thirty years in India, my frequent visits and field trips, my personal and professional preoccupation with Kannada, Tamil, the classics and folklores give me my substance, my Inner forms, images and symbols. They are continuous with each other, and I no longer can tell what comes from where. A. K. Ramanujan occupies a prominent place as a poet in the cosmos of Indo-Anglian poetry. He has earned the name and fame all over the world after the publication of his two volumes of poetry — â€Å"The Striders† (1966) and â€Å"Relations† (1971). After the promulgation of â€Å"The Striders† he won a ‘Poetry Book Society Recommendation’ and established his position as â€Å"one of the most talented of the ‘new’ poets. †1 William Walsh rightly evaluated him as â€Å"the most gifted poet. † â€Å"Kurunthohai. † He has also translated into English poetry in Tamil and Kannada in The Interior Landscape (1967) and Speaking of Siva (1972)respectively. Each and every piece of his literary output in Kannada and Tamil proclaimed a new epoch in vernacular literature. Ramanujan’s poetry reflects a touch of humanity, Indian ethos and pertinence of life. Ramanujan is an example of a polished, sophisticated and profound multiculturalism. His English poetry incorporates and assimilates linguistic, literary and cultural features of Kannada and Tamil into the linguistic, literary and cultural form of English literature. Like the house in Small Scale Reflections on a Great House he absorbs the Western model to express a supposedly Indian way of being. He blended the India and European models into new forms. He has the ability to tolerate, accommodate and assimilate other cultures without losing consciousness of being an Indian. Ramanujam’s poetry exemplifies how an Indian poet in English could derive strength by forging back to his roots. In poem after poem he goes back to his childhood memories and experiences of life in India. There is no attempt to disown the richness of the past. This insistent preoccupation with the past produces a poetry in which memory plays a significant creative role. It is not emotion recollected in tranquility but recollection emotionalized in untranqui moments that appear to be the driving force behind much of Ramanujans poetry. Time and again a hood/ of memory like a coil on a heath unfolds in the mind. Ramanujan’s tones and temperaments fascinate the critical privilege of the people because of his poetic height and perception. Bruce King betrays this idea : â€Å"Ramanujan is widely read in India, along with Western and Westerninfluenced modern Indian poetry in Indian languages. This unpredictable fusion of varied roots in Ramanujan’s poetry is true of the attitudes it expresses. † The poet seeks direct meaning to life. He opines that poetry has no value without the meaning of life. He evinces his deep sympathy â€Å"for a most disadvantaged section of Indian society, the women. †Ramanujan garnishes an intimate feeling and an individual turning point to the narrative technique. He indicates the common human situation through his individual experience. He has a mastery of words and in his poems each word is used adroitly, attentively, accurately and economically. He has effectively demonstrated to his contemporaries the supreme significance of having roots and has also shown glimpses of the vitality the work of a poet acquires when he succeedeven partially in his attempt. He has derived his poetic technique from the ancient Kannada and Tamil verse and the poets of today have synthesized oriental and occidental models into new forms. Ramanujan’s technical accomplishment in incontestable and his thematic strategy is precisely the right one for a poet in his position. He has completely exploited the opportunities his material offers him. Ramanujan’s poetic technique is critically examined by M. K. Naik : â€Å"In poetic technique, of all his contemporaries, Ramanujan appears to have the surest touch, for he never lapses into romantic cliche. His unfailing sense of rhythm gives a fitting answer to those who hold that complete inwardness with language is possible only to a poet writing in his mother tongue. Though he writes in open forms, his verse is extremely tightly constructed. † Ramanujan is very often extolled for â€Å"his unique tone of voice, a feature that accounts for the characteristic style of his poetry. † I chose A. K Ramanujan for two main reasons. First of all it is agreed by many that he is the best English Indian poet till date. His style of writing and his representation of thoughts has been appreciated by all. Secondly, as a kid too I had acquaintance with Ramanujan’s work and like the poet from that time. Otherwise too his poetry shows very beautiful use of poetic tool mainly metaphors and imagery and it is comparatively easy to understand. As a person trying to write a little poetry myself I figured by taking his poems I would be able to learn some fundamentals. Elements of Composition Composed as I am, like others, of elements on certain well-known lists, father’s seed and mothers egg gathering earth, air, fire, mostly water, into a mulberry mass, moulding calcium, carbon, even gold, magnesium and such, into a chattering self tangled in love and work, scary dreams, capable of eyes that can see, only by moving constantly, the constancy of things like Stonehenge or cherry trees; add uncles eleven fingers making shadow-plays of rajas and cats, hissing, becoming fingers again, the look of panic on sisters face an hour before her wedding, a dated newspaper map, f a place one has never seen, maybe no longer there after the riots, downtown Nairobi, that a friend carried in his passport as others would a womans picture in their wallets; add the lepers of Madurai, male, female, married, with children, lion faces, crabs for claws, clotted on their shadows under the stone-eyed goddesses of dance, mere pillars, moving as nothing on earth can move — I pass throug h them as they pass through me taking and leaving affections, seeds, skeletons, millennia of fossil records of insects that do not last a day, body-prints of mayflies, a legend half-heard n a train of the half-man searching for an ever-fleeing other half through Muharram tigers, hyacinths in crocodile waters, and the sweet twisted lives of epileptic saints, and even as I add I lose, decompose, into my elements into other names and forms, past, and passing, tenses without time, caterpillar on a leaf, eating, being eaten. About the poem: Its a poem of definition; hes defining himself, and wonderfully imaginative. Almost every line is a winner. Composed as I am like others of elements on certain well known lists is an appealing way of beginning the poem. The poem is about the elements of composition and talks about the ideas of the five elements the earth, the fire, the wind, the water and the sky, as listed in Hindu religion. The other list being the 100-odd elements that the chemistry books talk about. The poem begins with talking about composition and ends with decomposition (the caterpillars, eating and being eaten). This transformation of the idea has been produced with a fine mastery. All the elements like gold, magnesium, calcium etc. are gathered into a chattering self, tangled in love and work is an excellent line. â€Å"Capable of eyes that can see, nly by moving constantly, the constancy of things† A beautiful reflection. The eyes can see, only by moving them constantly, the constancy of things, like the Stonehenge or the cherry tree. The physical eyes can see the beauty of nature or a great work of art only by moving them constantly. One should watch things which are in a continuous state of flux over a period of t ime to grasp the inherent beauty of nature and a great work of art. â€Å"add uncles eleven fingers making shadow-plays of rajas and cats, hissing, becoming fingers again, the look of panic on sisters face an hour before† A lovely reminiscence of the poet about his uncle’s dexterity in shadow-play using his eleven fingers to create fascinating images of kings ,cats etc and sounds like hissing and the transformation of the shadows to fingers again. The humor in this is also appealing. Next lines reflect his sister’s fear of an impending tragedy just before her wedding. Through this and many other examples cited in the poem, everybody can relate to the poem. Then his mood changes to other face of life that he has seen or experienced which may be called a sad fraction of life but it is there still. He pictures the horrific existence of the mutilated lepers of Madurai against the exquisitely ornate stone sculptures of goddesses of dance in the majestic Meenakshi temple. All these are the very elements of which he and they are composed. They pass through him as he passes through them. The whole poem is about what we are composed of , the different forms in which the elements combine , the impact of time on the composition ,the process of the decomposition (the Madurai lepers) and finally death and destruction (eating and being eaten). In â€Å"Elements of Composition† he feels deep grief over the pitiable position of the leprous men of Madurai. The deformed postures of lepers and their troublesome movement reduce them to a skeleton, â€Å"Pillars†. The poet is anxious about the miserable condition of the lepers and so he calls gods and goddesses as â€Å"stone-eyed. Thus in this poem Ramanujam expresses his thoughts through the basic theory that all human beings are made out of same elements. He uses imagery and metaphor very dextrally and beautifully. Through this we also get to know about his soft soft for less fortunate human beings. Self-Portrait I resemble everyone ut myself, and sometimes see in shop-windows despite the well-knownlaws of optics, the portrait of a stranger, date unknown, often signed in a corner by my father. About the poem: This is an early poem written by Shri A. K. Ramanujam. In this he describes how every one of us, even if craving for a separate identity of ourselves, look like others. This similarity may not be present only in our looks but also our actions and personality. In the very first line he uses contrast as a tool to bring an element of surprise to the reader. The reader is made to want to know what he means when he says he resembles everyone but himself. How can that be possible and what does he mean by that. Then he goes on to say that he sees in shop windows that the image that is his own reflection doesn’t does his face but it is a portrait of someone else, maybe of many people in congregation but not his own for sure. He mentions the laws of optics to make it clear that it is not something supernatural happening here. Every law of nature is being followed suitably. Finally he recognizes that maybe he knows whose portrait is this. The portrait shows his forefathers mainly his own father. Metaphor has been use d extensively in this poem. The image being seen by the poet in a shopping window is nothing but self realization that al his actions and personality reflects that of his own father and there is nothing to believe that he has been unique in his actions or pursuits as yet. Thus Ramanujam has shown that he truly is a master of disguise. The poem relates the idea of everyone looking uniform. It is hard for people to be unique and find their own way. The common goal seems to be having a nice car, a lot of money and owning an expensive house or two. I believe people do put on a cover and see â€Å"the portrait of a stranger† staring back at them. While for the most part this is the common pattern, there are some people who attempt to be different and break this mold. Snakes No, it does not happen when I walk through the woods. But, walking in museums of quartz or the aisles of book stacks, looking at their geometry without curves and the layers of transparency that makes them opaque, dwelling on the yellowier vein in the yellow amber 10 or touching a book that has gold on its spine, I think of snakes* The twirls of their hisses rise like the tiny dust-cones on slow-noon roads 15 winding through the farmers* feet. Black lorgnettes are etched on their hoods, idiculous, alien, like some terrible aunt, a crest among tiles and scales that moult with the darkening half 20 of every moon. A basketful of ritual cobras comes into the tame little house, their brown- wheat glisten ringed with ripples They lick the room with their bodies, curves 25 uncurling, writing a sibilant alphabet of panic on my floor. Mother gives them milk in sauc ers. She watches them suck and bare the black-line design etched on the brass of the saucer. The snakeman wreathes their writhing round his neck for fathers smiling money. But I scream. Sister ties her braids with a knot of tassel But the weave of her knee-long braid has scales, their gleaming held by a score of clean new pins. I look till I see her hair again. My night full of ghosts from a sadness in a play, my left foot listens to my right footfall, a clockwork clicking in the silence within my walking. The clickshod heel suddenly strikes and slushes on a snake: I see him turn, 45 the green white of his belly measured by bluish nodes, a water-bleached lotus stalk plucked by a landsman hand. Yet panic rushes my body to my feet, my spasms wring and drain his fear and mine. I leave him sealed a flat-head whiteness on a stain. Now frogs can hop upon this sausage rope, flies in the sun will mob the look in his eyes, and I can walk through the woods. A basketful of ritual cobras Comes into the tame little house, Their brown-wheat glisten ringed with ripples. They lick the room with their bodies, curves Uncurling, writing a sibilant alphabet of panic On my floor. Mother gives them milk In saucers. She watches them suck And bare the black line design Etched on the brass of saucer. The snakes man wreathes their writhing Round his neck For father’s smiling Money. But I scream. Sister ties her braids With a knot of tassel. But the weave of her knee-long braid has scales, Their gleaming held by a score of clean new pins. I look till I see her again. About the poem: This is the second poem of the volume ‘The Striders’. When the poet moves in museums among stacks of books his subconscious remembers with tenacious fascination his early years in India. Snakes is among the best poems of Ramanujam. The poem begins on a note of suspense with an emphatic, No, it does not happen when I walk through thewood. This happens when he is walking through museums or libraries. Thedescription is of a snake that induces fear in the minks of all. The snakes take shelter in the museums, book shelves, glass-shelves, etc. ; The Poet says that the book of yellow vein, yellow amber would remind him of snakes, the shelf which is arranged in geometric lines would remind him of snakes. Ramanujam can be distracted by his own skill for description is seen in the apparently irrelevant but rived detail of the yellow vein in the yellow amber or the book with gold on its spine. The amber yellow and gold and the curves with the imagination think of snakes. The Poet compares the intermittent hissing of the snakes to the little clouds of dust that arise one walks along a dusty road. They have the nature of winding through ones feet exactly the way the snacks do. The hoods, the snacks have display a kind of design resembling the etched black lorgnettes. It looks ridiculous all the same. It is likened to the terrible aunt who is proud of her titles. The snakes scales mount with the warning of the moon. Them, he explains a real incident. One day a snake man has brought a basket full of cobras to the poets home. The snakes are Jet out and the person watches them more on the floor. Their bodies are wheat brown in colour with rings all over. The way they move on the floor looks like a strange alphabet written here and there. The poets mother feeds the snakes with saucers of milk. As they suck the milk, the etched design on the brass reappears. The snake man then wears them on his neck in order to impress the poet’ father. The latter gives him money. The Poet has a sister who has long hair touching the ground. He notices her tying her hair in braids. She takes great care in tending them and decorates them with tassels. These braids look very much like the snakes and the weaves themselves resemble the scales on the body. Both have the nature of shinning brightly. In other works the poet is often reminded of snakes when he looks at the braids of his sister. He is so afraid that he waits impatiently to see hair trimmed and tried up neatly. Then, the poet narrates the happening while he walks along the forest path suddenly he feels as if he is walking on a slippery surface. It is a snake and it writhes in pain. Its body is green -white the bluish nodes resemble a lotus stalk that has been plucked lately. He steps on it until it is dead; He is now confident and is not afraid. He expects the frogs to hop over the sausage rope without fear of being eaten up. The flies can come round the eye part of the snake and he himself has grown at all. In this poem too poet has used metaphor and imagery with amazing fulfilling ness. Through the examples he cited he shows that he is close to India and his native place at that. He has his own share of fears and amusements from his childhood that he reminisces tot his day. He also shows shows his empathy for the poor by mentioning what sankesman has to do just to entertain the rich people. This way of life is there not only in India but everywhere in the world but citing this example from his childhood we get to know about the idea from a child’s eyes. Snakes are held in awe and reverence by religious-minded Hindus. Hindu scriptures are replete with stories of snakes which could claim equality with man and gods. The snake is very much present in the religious consciousness of the Hindus. Ramanujan exploits this ethos in Snakes. The poem originates in the poets 4 hooded memory of the snakes and meanders through experiences concerning snakes and snakesmen. The sudden dawning of memory about snakes which overtakes the poet in anexpected places leads him to the recollection of ritual cobras* in his ancestral home and the weird snakesman with cobras wound round his neck. Snakes concludes with the recapitulation of a night when the poet accidently trampled on a snake with his *clickshod heeP and left it like a sausage rope dead in the woods. Now the woods are safe for the poet! But are they safe for the snake? The lines suggest a sad contrast. The snake which has sent tremors through man is now being preyed upon by frogs and flies. Now the woods are safe for the poet. Probably an ironic statement The Striders And search for certain thin- stemmed, bubble-eyed water bugs. See them perch on dry capillary legs weightless on the ripple skin of a stream. No, not only prophets alk on water. This bug sits on a landslide of lights and drowns eye- deep into its tiny strip of sky About the poem: Strider is the New England name for a water insect The main structural element in the poem is the poets memory going back into his cultural moorings in India, the land of the yogis. The central metaphor, the strider, stands for the yogi who bears several unexpected simil arities with the insect. Ramanujans symbolic exploration into these similarities opens up new insights in the reader and he is persuaded to accept the ingenious identification of the two apparently dissimilar concepts. There is close resemblance between the strider and the yogi in several respects. Like the yogi, the strider also walks on water. Both have bright eyes. The yogi pays no attention to food and comfort and so his legs are thin; the strider also has Capillary legs*. Both the yogi and the strider levitate and meditate. The yogi attains the light of spiritual perfection and the strider sits on a landslide of lights*. The strider is presented as a mystic symbol for the yogi who has attained detachment from this world and is on his way along the illumined path (tiny strip of sky) leading to the Supreme. With eyes like bubbles; bright, shining eyes very thin long legs which look like capillary tubes In the case of the yogi it amounts to levitation, the art of floating in the air with the help of spiritual powers, surface of the stream having ripples walking on water is supposed to be one of the mystical powers of a yogi. Striders also do it suggests the meditative mood. The strider sits concentrating on the tiny strip of sky f . In the case of the yogi, the *tiny strip of sky* is the spiritual path of detachment leading to Enlightenment. On The Death of A Poem Image consult one another, a conscience- tricken jury, and come slowly to a sentence. I love the economy of words and the playful pun on the word â€Å"sentence† . The poetic process ,if one may call it that, is such that the poem dies still-born at times leaving the poet disgruntled . Some times the sentence may come out after all which will produce a semblance of a poem . At other times the verse describing the process is itself a lovely poem as this one is. Of Mothers, among Other Things I smell upon this twisted backbone tree the silk and white petal of my mother’s youth. From her ear-rings three diamonds splash a handful of needles, 5 nd I see my mother ran back from rain to the crying cradles. The rains tack and sew with broken thread the rags of the tree-tasselled light 10 But her hands are a wet eagles two black pink-crinkled feet, one talon crippled in a garden- trap set for a mouse. Her sarees do not cling: they hang, loose 15 feather of a onetime wing. Gathered Grace My cold parchment tongue licks bark in the mouth when I see her four still sensible fingers slowly flex to pick a grain of rice from the kitchen floor. 20 About the Poem : The source of the poem is familial memory, memory about the mother. The imagery in the first two lines suggests the futility of the poetic language in expressing the bitter memory. The poet nostalgically recalls through several tough and rough images the loving care of a mother. The mothers figure emerges mingled with the pathos of the poets childhood, memory serving as a catalyst Consciousness goes back to resurrect a memory symbol. It is the Mother in white silk wearing diamond earrings, thin in appearance and with a crippled palm. The imagery in the last two lines serves as an objective correlative and makes others almost ineffective. The figure of the mother flexing her fingers to pick a grain of rice from the kitchen floor is one of the most touching homely imageries in all Ramanujans poetry. The black bone tree reminds the poet of his young mother wearing a white silk saree. The saree is wound on her giving a twisted appearance especially because she is thin, piercing rays of reflected light that appears like needles fasten and stitch light that passes through the tree-leaves and branches giving them an appearance of a cluster of shining tassels, pink coloured, cramp and wrinkled feet Exposure to rain made the feet so. The crippled palm of the mother. The palm was crippled in a minor accident with a mousetrap. When I see kitchen : A touching picture of the floor mother trying to pick a grain of rice from the kitchen floor, probably a crumb left behind by the son after his rice-meal. Still Another for Mother And that woman beside the wreckage van on Hyde Park street: she will not let me rest as I slowly cease to be the towns brown stranger and guest She had thick glasses on. Was large, buxom, 5 like some friends mother. Wearing chintz like all of them who live there, eating mints on the days verandahs. And the handsome hort-limbed man with a five-finger patch of gray 10 laid on his widows peak, turned and left her as I walked at them out of the after- glow of a whisky sour. She stood there as if nothing had happened yet (perhaps nothing did) flickered at by the neons on the door, 15 the edges of her dress a fuzz, lit red. Fumbled at keys, wishbone shadows on the catwalk, as though they were not keys , but words after talk, or even beads. He walked straight on, towards me, beyond me, didnt stop at the clicks of red 20 on the signals. And she just stood there, looking at his walking on, me looking at her looking on. She wanted then not to be absent perhaps on the scene 25 if he once so much as even thought of looking back. Perhaps they had fought. Worse still, perhaps they had not fought 57 I discovered that mere walking was polite 30 and walked on, as if nothing had happened to her, or to me: something opened in the past and I heard something shut in the future, quietly, 35 like the heavy door of my mothers black-pillared, nineteenth-century silent house, given on her marriage day to my father, for a dowry. About the Poem: The poem is based on an incident involving a woman and her husband on Hyde Park Street. This chance experience releases a flood of memory. The woman and her husband appear to have been there only to separate. The woman is large and buxom, the man is handsome and short-limbed. He left her at the doorsteps fumbling for the keys and walked on straight nonchalantly. The woman looks on at her husbands walking and the poet looks at her looking on. However, this experience disturbs the poets rest, Something opened in the past with repercussions on the future. Essentially, the poem is an attempt to retreat into the past to discover a sense of well- being in the image of the mother. The woman on Hyde Park Street opens the door of the poets consciousness to reveal his mothers nineteenth century house given to his father as dowry. The house sanctified the marriage and later the very birth of the poet The ‘simile’ used in fifth line has been used very wisely and it tells us that the poet is skillful artist when it comes to using this tool. the memory about the mother house is inseparable from that of the house. The house as dowry was one of the stabilizing links between mother and father. A River In Madurai, city of temples and poets, who sang of cities and temples, every summer a river dries to a trickle n the sand, baring the sand ribs, straw and womens hair clogging the watergates at the rusty bars under the bridges with patches of repair all over them the wet stones glistening like sleepy crocodiles, the dry ones shaven water-buffaloes lounging in the sun The poets only sang of the floods. He was there for a day when they had the floods. People everywhere talked of the inches rising, of the precise number of cobbled steps run over by the water, rising on the bathing places, and the way it carried off three village houses, one pregnant woman and a couple of cows named Gopi and Brinda as usual. The new poets still quoted he old poets, but no one spoke in verse of the pregnant woman drowned, with perhaps twins in her, kicking at blank walls even before birth. He said: the river has water enough to be poetic about only once a year and then it carries away in the first half-hour three village houses, a couple of cows named Gopi and Brinda and one pregnant woman expecting identical twins with no moles on their bodies, with different coloured diapers to tell them apart. About the poem : â€Å"A River† is one of Ramanujam’s finest poems appeared in â€Å"The Striders† in 1966. It is a poem on the vaigai which flours throu gh Madurai. A City that has been the seat of Tamil Culture. The poem is an evocation of a river. The poet refers to the river as a helping as well as a destructive force. In the Sangam Period the city had many great pundits who sang the glory of their town, Language asd river, They wrote profusely when the river was in spate. At the same time there were times when the river remained dry. On the Sandy bed could be seen he hair and stow dogging the Watergates. The iron bars under the bridge are in need of repair. The wet stones all like the sleeping crocodiles. The dry stones look like the sharen buffaloes. It is a wonder for the poet because not too often such scenes are described by the poets. The water in the river makes all the poets imaginative and sing verses about it. A poet visits the river and examines the scene quite closely. But the scene witnessed by him is different. As it was raining the level of the water in the river kept rising. The whole city was flooded. Three village houses were swept away. The news came of a pregnant lady and a couple of cows being washed away. Even the new poets do not bother to write about all these things. They look at it still in the old way as seen by the old poets. A careful, imaginative consideration should bring in many things so far unsaid about the river. It is a pity that no one has the heart to feel about the heart with twin children in her womb getting drowned in the river. In â€Å"A River† Ramanujan throws light on the reality of the present and the past. In the past, the poets were the appreciators of the cities, temples, rivers, streams and are indifferent to the miseries of human beings and animals. The river dries to a trickle in every summer the â€Å"poets sang only of the floods. † Flood is the symbol of destruction to person and property. The poets of today still quoted the old poets sans the relevancy of life: â€Å"The new poets still quoted the old poets, but no one spoke in verse of the pregnant woman – drowned, with perhaps twins in her, kicking at the blank walls even before birth. † The image of â€Å"pregnant woman† implies a fine example of two generations, the present and the future. K. Sumana in a lucid manner: â€Å"The poet narrates the poem through the mouth of a visitor to make it objective. The greatness of the poem lies in the fact that the traditional praise for river has been contrasted with what is actually experienced by the people during the floods. Apart from presenting the grim realities of a rover in spate, Ramanujan hints at the sterility of new Tamil poets who still quoted the old poets. † Extended Family Yet like grandfather I bathe before the village crow the dry chlorine water my only Ganges the naked Chicago bulb a cousin of the Vedic sun slap soap on my back like father and think in proverbs like me I wipe myself dry with an unwashed Sears turkish towel like mother I hear faint morning song (though here it sounds Japanese) and three clear strings next door through kitchen clatter like my little daughter I play shy and over crotch my body not yet full of thoughts novels and children I hold my peepee like my little son play garden hose in and out the bathtub like my grandson I look up unborn at myself like my great great-grandson I am not yet may never be my future dependent on several people yet to come About the Poem : This poem tells us the way poet attaches himself to his native place and his roots even when he is residing in a foreign country and using foreign made products He says that he is as much attached to his pedigree that he feels the connection even to this day in his everyday pursuits. He says that when he bathes in the dry chlorine water in the city, he still feels it is the same water of Ganges his grandfather used to bathe in in open, and maybe he accompanied him many a times. He compares the electric bulb he uses for light to the dependence of his grandfather and the likes on sun. He remembers the way his father used to bathe him. He kind of misses him. He says he still remembers all the popular proverbs his father used to apply in daily life. He relates the voices he hears in the morning to the sweet singing voice of his mother, which used to fill the house in the morning. He uses other examples too mainly kiddish once that are part life of many. That he compares his actions to his little daughter and his son. He then goes on to relate himself to his grandson too and see a similarity between his actions and his grandson’s. He says even though he doesn’t have a grandson yet but he is sure whenever he will be there he will have something in common with the poet himself. And thus all these people by themselves define the poet. And he says he is not defined fully till all these people are taken into account. Metaphor has been used very wisely and in an appealing way. Poem in itself is a beautiful idea. Similar idea has been expressed in Self portrait too though here it is in more detailed way. Astronomer Sky-man in a manhole with astronomy for dream, astrology for nightmare; fat man full of proverbs, the language of lean years, living in square after almanac square prefiguring the day of windfall and landslide through a calculus of good hours, clutching at the tear in his birthday shirt as at a hole in his mildewed horoscope, squinting at the parallax of black planets, his Tiger, his Hare moving in Sanskrit zodiacs, forever troubled by the fractions, the kidneys in his Tamil flesh, is body the Great Bear dipping for the honey, the woman-smell in the small curly hair down there. About the poem: This poem is probably about Ramanujam’s father. His father was both an astronomer and an astrologer. He has also writher an essay on the same topic. Ramanujam’s father was both an astrologer and astronomer and had good knowledge of both these areas. Thus it was hard for Ramanujam to understand how he could bring consistency in his though while thinking about any stars. This is because science just says that stars are balls of helium burning and having no direct control on our life whatsoever. However astrology has a different perspective. It suggests that these stars and planets do have a direct role in our life. He is calling his father a sky-man. He tells him about stars about starts as a part of astrology, as some magnificent objects. Many times this happens when he wants the child poet to fall to sleep having dreams about those great stars. In fact stars have definitely become a part of his beautiful dreams in that way. But on the other hand, when his father talks about stars as a part of astrology, and tells him they have a control on his life, it makes the poet scared. He says the person telling him all that is a fat man now and using proverbs are a way of talking for him. And this is quiet different from the way he used to be when he was young. Through various calculations and diagrams he claims to tell them about their futures. He handles all this as a careful artist, nothing less. Then he mentions the great bear which is a constellation in the sky. And he uses these to amuse others. Through these and many other ways he becomes astrologer and astronomers alternately amusing and entertaining other.

Security Process Using RFID-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Using an internet search, explore an Internet of Things project currently underway or already in place. Provide a detailed account of the issues it responds to and outline its key features. Answer: Introduction With the increase in demand from industries for a better approach on control systems, this paper elaborates the way to make the control systems smarter and thus decrease the risk of going into the areas where these conventional access controls are installed (Kang et al., 2016). EKTM4C123GXL board is used for these purposes. The data from the Biometric sensors and RFID reader is transferred to microcontroller chip. If the data matches then the door opens. The signal is also send to the systems via same network of WiFi. Solution with features To secure the locks of the door, the security system of using biometric and RFID reader is used. The smart card of the client is read by the RFID reader and the fingerprint is taken by the biometric sensor (Carper, 2014). The features of the biometric sensor are- High-Accuracy and High-Speed Fingerprint Identification by the implementation of the SmackFinger 3.0 Algorithm The images are downloaded from the biometric device Databases and Fingerprint Templates by Simple UART protocol (Default 9600 baud) are also read 1:N Identification and 1:1 Verification of 360 Fingerprint Recognition is done by this sensor The data collected from the Biometric sensor is then transferred to the WiFi module 1for matching. If the data gets matched then further it is transferred to the WiFi module 2 which trips the relay and the door is opened (Liu Gu, 2016). The features of WiFI module 2 are- Power Management Subsystems and Wi-Fi Network Processor are present Host Interference Subsystems having Power Management Advanced Low-Power Modes Wi-Fi Processor Subsystem Diagram of security process Fig: Security process using RFID technology and Biometric Sensor Working Process of System The RFID reader or a reader known as wiegand reader reads the smart card of the individual. A signal of 125 KHz is transmitted through. The card does not have any power source. The reader gives some voltage in the card and then a 16 bit card number is transmitted to the reader. The card number is then transmitted to the microcontroller through two data pins by the reader. The protocol used for this process is known as Wiegand protocol (Mei Yin et al., 2016). There is a 26 bit format for the Wiegand protocol. The first 13 bit of the chip is even parity bit. After the even parity, the chip is followed by facility code of 8bits. More security is provided in the facility code. The facility code is used where there is a same card number of the employee for two different companies (Park, Hildreth Hazzard, 2017). After the 8 bit facility code, the card number of 16 bit is present and these are the odd parity bits. The biometric scanner that is used in this process is the fingerprint scanner. The work of the biometric job is to take a picture of the finger and to check whether the finger print matches the previously stored finger print database. Only the specific characteristics that are unique to all fingerprints are taken as the encrypted biometric key. The image of the fingerprint is not saved (D'ambrosio, 2016). Only the series of binary code is saved for further verification. There is no chance of converting the algorithm to an image which decreases the level of duplicity (Sowjanya Nagaraju, 2016). A serial data is transferred to the by the fingerprint scanner to the microcontroller. The transfer of data takes place through UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter). The GPIO reads the data from Wiegand reader as input pins and a code is written according to the Wiegand protocol (Mei Yin et al., 2016). The code received is then matched with predefined numbers stored in the flash R OM, and then a signal high is send to the module 1 if the number becomes valid. The high value is then transferred to WiFi module 2 and a relay is tripped and the door opens. Advantages of using security with RFID Easy to use RFID technology as security Data tracking is much easier in biometric sensor and RFID technology Data are secured This method of security is very much flexible Disadvantages of using security with RFID If somehow the fingerprint does not match with the predefined data, the door will not open in spite the person is valid. There is a chance of WiFi connection failure. If the RFID tag gets lost, it will create a chance for robbery. External Flash memory will have to be used if there are more number of people. Conclusion Outlining the smart access control is a profitable way by which the problem faced by the industries can be overcome. Energy efficient can be obtained by selecting a proper microcontroller. Products that are based on IoT are famous in the innovation of the technical area. More and more improved versions of the IoTs are yet to come in the future world. References Carper, T. A. (2014).U.S. Patent No. 8,799,167. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. D'ambrosio, G. J., Ganel, O., Moody, N., Moreno, G. (2016).U.S. Patent No. 9,324,051. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Kang, Y. S., Park, I. H., Rhee, J., Lee, Y. H. (2016). MongoDB-based repository design for IoT-generated RFID/sensor big data.IEEE Sensors Journal,16(2), 485-497. Liu, C., Gu, Y. (2016, July). Research on indoor fire location scheme of RFID based on WiFi. InNicograph International (NicoInt), 2016(pp. 116-119). IEEE. Mei Yin, D. B., Kamal, M. I., Azmanuddin, N. S., Ali, S. H. S., Othman, A. T., Chik, R. Z. W. (2016, January). Electronic door access control using MyAccess two-factor authentication scheme featuring near-field communication and eigenface-based face recognition using principal component analysis. InProceedings of the 10th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication(p. 1). ACM. Mei Yin, D. B., Kamal, M. I., Azmanuddin, N. S., Ali, S. H. S., Othman, A. T., Chik, R. Z. W. (2016, January). Electronic door access control using MyAccess two-factor authentication scheme featuring near-field communication and eigenface-based face recognition using principal component analysis. InProceedings of the 10th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication(p. 1). ACM. Park, R., Hildreth, D., Hazzard, T. (2017).U.S. Patent No. 9,545,029. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Sowjanya, G., Nagaraju, S. (2016, August). Design and implementation of door access control and security system based on IOT. InInventive Computation Technologies (ICICT), International Conference on(Vol. 2, pp. 1-4). IEEE.

- Challenges Facing Urban Transport In Asia - Construction Essays

- Challenges Facing Urban Transport In Asia - Construction CHALLENGES FACING URBAN TRANSPORT IN ASIA Abstract- One of the greatest challenges facing the new millennium is to effect a well integrated and environmentally acceptable solution for urban transportation. In spite of many decades of studies, involving research and experiments, success has often been elusive and more importantly, there is still a lack of consensus of what constitutes an acceptable integrated transport policy within the urban fabric The paper analyses the global trend towards urbanisation and demonstrates that while there are megacites throughout the world,there is a concentration of them in the Asian region and that the region needs to devise ways of dealing with the problem.Since a majority of the cities in Asia are still developing, the rapid urbanisation of these cities has posed serious problems before the city managers and administrators in the field of housing, infra-structure, social amenities and transport.Transportation is crucial for the economic growth of the region.Urban mobility is a basic recquirment of urban economy.As a result of this urban transport is getting more and more importance with the passage of time.The paper looks at the scale of the problem facing urban transport planners and service operators in keeping the cities moving so that urban productivity is not affected. A number of measures are needed : in the Short Term in a coordinated manner in areas such as road pricing , fiscal constraints, computerised traffic control systems, various traffic control measures, strict enforcement of traffic laws, operational and pricing improvements.Some of the other short term measures are making fuels costly , subsidising public transport.Also regulating on-street parking and levying proper parking charges can be adopted as effective short term measures. Long Term mearures include improved land use planning, encouragement of distributedurban land development and investment in mass transit systems. .The paper concludes that the region needs to find indigenous solutions to these problems.A balanced series of measures proposed would keep the cities at the forefront of economic activity and make them more pleasant places to live. . Keywords- Megacities-Developing Rapidly-Urban Transportation-Problems-Short Term Measuers-Long Term Measures. Introduction: The 20th century has been an age of urban transition. By the end of the century, more than half of world people have shifted to cities. Cities are widely acknowledged as the engines of economic growth, cultural diversification and technological progress. Transportation plays a crucial role in enhancing the productivity and economic efficiency of the urban market place, a role that will be critical in the cities of the 21st century as they strive for competitive advantage. To thrive and be efficient, however, cities must be able to move people, transport goods and facilitate the exchanges of ideas and information. Burgeoning urban growth and rapid expansion of city boundaries are posing massive problems. Traffic congestion and environmental pollution has reached unprecedented levels, largely the consequence of excessive rate of increasing motorization in cities of both the industrialized and developing world. While the importance of managing urban transport demand is more and more recognized and the large number of policy proposals have been formulated, not many successful actions have been implemented. This is largely because there is still a need for a better understanding of the chain of causes and effects in transport planning and management. . Since cities in Asia have neither enough resources nor space to respond indiscriminately to the growth of transport demand, it is becoming increasing clearly that actions need to be taken on the demand side of equation. There is a growing recognition that today's transport problems cannot be solved by making huge supply-side investments only. The Urban Transportation Challenges: In order to place the scale of problem that this rapidly increasing urban population causes, it should be remember that around 1950 there were some 25 cities in the world with a population exceeding 1 million. By the year 2000 it is predicted that Asia alone will have 160 cities of more than 1 million inhabitants and of these 13 will be mega cities each containing more than 10 million inhabitants. These 13 cities in Asia will have a combined population of some 179 million inhabitants. In the rest of the world there will be 8 additional cities of that size. Hence it can be seen that though

Five Words You Can Cut

Five Words You Can Cut Five Words You Can Cut Five Words You Can Cut By Ali Hale One of the best ways to make your writing stronger is to cut unnecessary words. Many people tend to over-write, often in a similar way to how they would speak. Words creep in that add no meaning and can make a piece of writing sound vague and woolly rather than confidence and precise. Just This is one of the worst offenders for me. I over-use it in email, typing: â€Å"I just thought I’d drop you a note†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Just writing to ask†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"If you could just give me a call†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In almost every case, striking out the word â€Å"just† will make a sentence stronger. It tends to make you sound either desperate when applied to yourself (â€Å"I just wondered if you could†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) or demanding when applied to the other person (â€Å"If you would just†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Really Like â€Å"just†, this is another word which can frequently be cut. It’s often found partnering â€Å"just†, in which case you might want to rewrite the whole sentence. â€Å"You can really improve by†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"You don’t really want to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I’m really just trying to †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Using the word â€Å"really† about yourself makes it sounds as though you believe the other person is unsure of your intentions; â€Å"I’m really writing the report† can sound defensive. And using it about someone else can sound patronising – phrases like â€Å"that’s really good!† are best kept for the kindergarten. Quite This insidious word tends to water down the meaning of a sentence or, worse, make it unclear. It usually means â€Å"a bit† as in â€Å"I quite liked it†, but can also mean â€Å"completely† as in â€Å"Quite right.† Most people have little difficulty understanding those, but sentences like â€Å"I was quite outraged† can be taken either way. â€Å"I’d quite like you to †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I’m feeling quite upset about it.† â€Å"I don’t think you quite understand† There are some circumstances where you may well want to keep the word â€Å"quite†, particularly when trying to justify something over-running. â€Å"Quite† is useful in suggesting both â€Å"almost there† and â€Å"soon†, and saying â€Å"The files aren’t quite ready yet †¦Ã¢â‚¬  implies it won’t be much longer, whereas â€Å"The files aren’t ready yet† can sound like stone-walling. Perhaps Like many of the words above, â€Å"perhaps† makes your writing sound uncertain. It can obscure meaning, or weaken an otherwise powerful statement, and often causes confusion. â€Å"Perhaps we could meet at twelve for lunch.† â€Å"And then perhaps you’d like to †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Perhaps if I †¦Ã¢â‚¬  The main problem in all these cases is that the word â€Å"perhaps† means your intention is unclear. If you email someone suggesting â€Å"Perhaps we could meet at twelve for lunch†, are you proposing a lunch meeting, or just idly wondering whether it’s possible? The â€Å"perhaps† also makes it unclear what part of the suggestion is in doubt; do you think twelve might not be the best time, or do you suspect the other person won’t want to get lunch? That This is another word which creeps into my writing where it’s not needed. It’s fine when necessary, but can often be cut without any loss of meaning – usually when it’s preceded by a noun. â€Å"This is the house that Jack built.† â€Å"Can you remember the time that we asked people to arrive?† â€Å"I liked the design that you came up with.† Make sure you don’t cut valid instances of the word, usually where â€Å"that† comes before the noun. â€Å"I need that document by five† makes sense, â€Å"I need document by five† is only safe in a very informal context and if you’re sure the other person knows which document you mean. Putting it all together If you email someone with â€Å"I really just wondered if perhaps you could send those documents that I mentioned quite soon.† you come across as diffident, uncertain and sound like you’re babbling. It’s also unclear whether you do need those documents straight away, or whether you’re simply enquiring whether they could be sent soon. But if you delete the five unnecessary words, you’ll get â€Å"I really just wondered if perhaps you could send those documents that I mentioned quite soon.† â€Å"I wondered if you could send those documents I mentioned soon.† This sentence is much clearer, more concise, and likely to elicit a quick response. So when you’ve written an email, article, report or even a piece of fiction, check through for the words just, really, quite, perhaps and that – and see if you can improve the piece by cutting them out. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Greek Words You Should KnowDeck the HallsWhen to use "an"

Describe and explain the nature and purpose of a Cathlic School, Essay

Describe and explain the nature and purpose of a Cathlic School, according to documents published by the Catholic Church - Essay Example Catholic schools have been developed with a different aim and have been able to provide excellent education for several decades. The main aim of this paper is to discuss the nature and purpose of Catholic education as per the documents published by the Catholic Church. In order to gain a clear perspective of the nature and the purpose of Catholic Education, a brief background and history has been discussed. Following this, a detailed discussion of nature and purpose has been presented. History of Catholic Education: Catholic schools are ‘Permeated by Faith’. In 1823, the Benevolent Irish Society opened up a school in St John’s to help poor people as a form of charity. This school was originally known as Orphan Asylum School, and went on to be used by Roman Catholics and Bishop Anthony Fleming. One of the major concerns then was the non-support from the Government to provide any form of financial support to the school (From Slate to Chalk, n.d.). Of great concern t o Bishop Fleming was the government’s refusal to help the Orphan Asylum financially, despite the fact that it was the islands largest school and other denominational schools were receiving government support (From Slate to Chalk, n.d.). ... In 1842 saw the development of a new act which was based on dividing the grant for the schools evenly between the Roman Catholics and Protestants (From Slate to Chalk, n.d.). As time passed several changes and improvements were brought about in the schooling systems and by the mid twentieth century, the focus was now on improving the overall facilities in the schools and making them more effective, in terms of provisions like electricity, water supply and convenience for the students (McBrien, 1994). However throughout the improvements that were being made, the main focus of the schools was on discipline and need for well grown individuals. The next section will detail the nature of catholic education. Nature of Catholic Education: As per the Vatican II document – Gravissimum Education, the nature of Catholic schools has been expressed as: â€Å"The Catholic school pursues cultural goals and the natural development of youth to the same degree as any other school. What makes t he Catholic school distinctive is its attempt to generate a community climate in the school that is permeated by the Gospel spirit of freedom and love. It tries to guide the adolescents in such a way that personality development goes hand in hand with the development of the 'new creature' that each one has become through baptism. It tries to relate all of human culture to the good news of salvation so that the light of faith will illumine everything that the students will gradually come to know about the world, about life, and about the human person† (Alberta Catholic School Trustees’ Association, 1996). Clearly, Catholic schools tend to be inclined towards spiritual development as well as intellectual development (Robinson, 1996). As per the document from

Three parent in vitro fertilization research paper Essay

Three parent in vitro fertilization research paper - Essay Example The first step of the IVF is also called super ovulation and involves medicinal stimulation of the ovulation process in a woman. Contrary to the normal ovum production in a month, the stimuli initiate multiple ova production at the same time and technology helps to monitor the ovulation and the woman’s hormone. The second step of IVF however involves surgical operation that extracts the ova from the woman’s reproductive system. Pain reliever drugs are administered and ultrasound technology used to inform movement of surgical materials into the ovary for extraction. Once an ovary is dealt with, extraction is done from the other ovary. In case of a woman’s inability to ovulate, third party is involved in egg donation (Storck, 2014). Once the egg is obtained, it is mixed with a sperm and placed in a favorable environment for fertilization that occurs naturally after a few hours. Sperm may however be forced into the egg to increase chances of fertilization. Multiple fertilizations, from the many extracted eggs can be allowed. The third stage involves monitoring and evaluation of embryos and begins days after fertilization. Tests for genetic disorders and quality of embryos are the major activities. A preferred embryo is then selected and is planted in a woman’s womb. Plantation of multiple embryos means many expected children such as twins for two implanted embryos (Storck, 2014). People with infertility problems, reproductive system disorder and those beyond childbearing age use the I.V.F. This is because of the population segment’s inability yield desired traits of offspring. A blocked track that prevents passage of sperms or eggs is an example of complications that may force people into extraction of the elements for possible fusion. Unfavorable natural environment for fertilization in a woman’s fallopian tube is also resolved through a controlled laboratory environment. The procedure reports at most 43

Summative Assessment for Master of Midwifery Leadership and Essay

Summative Assessment for Master of Midwifery Leadership and Development (topic to be decided) - Essay Example These classical theories do not take into account individual characteristics of each member and each member’s capacity for potential leadership. Newer theories by Taylor and Weber offer more scientific principles and explanations for management and leadership. Through these theories, we can deduce various techniques in leadership. We can also deduce various elements of an effective team. The various elements of an effective team are: a meaningful and clearly defined task; clear team objectives and individual targets; regular meetings; regular feedbacks on individual and team success in achieving objectives; the right balance of people; reflexivity-the ability to reflect on team performance and adapt and change; a good balance of concern for the team task and concern for the team welfare; the experience of full participation; and good leadership. This study aims to establish the student’s comprehension of the subjects and unit topics covered by this course. It also aims to apply the knowledge that the student has learned in an issue related to leadership and management in healthcare. This study aims to apply the different theories on leadership and management which were discussed in the different sessions of this course. Strong leadership and management skills are important tools for members of the health care team. Without effective leadership skills, the implementation of health care services becomes a counterproductive enterprise. In the nursing care process, the nurse is often called on to be a manager, and in some instances, she is also called on to be a leader. Both roles are different from the other. Wywialowski (1993) refers to nursing management as â€Å"the judicious use of resources to achieve identified client goals†. The responsibilities of the nurse manager include directing and controlling. He distinguishes nursing management from leadership by defining the latter as

Role Of Community Radio Cultural Studies Essay

Role Of Community Radio Cultural Studies Essay In this study, the researcher is intended to unveil the impact of community radio on social development in Pakistan. The work at hand will measure the role of existing three community radios RASTA FM 88.6 launched by Punjab Traffic Police in November 2010, PUFM 104.6 launched by Institute of communication studies, University of Punjab in June 2004 and UAF FM 100.4 launched by Agriculture University, Faisalabad in August 2012, out of thirty four. Community has been defined as a group of interacting people living in a common location (Wikipedia, 2012). Sub-continent, of which Pakistan forms a major chunk, is a part of earth where different religious, ethnic, economic and cultural groups, say communities, are living together at sizeable social distances since long. Before the world shaped itself into Global Village with help of new inventions in the field of media and technologies as Marshal McLuhan declared it in 1964, these groups never had a chance to interact with each other freely, thus giving rise to differences and sense of alienation among them. Pakistan emerged on the map of the world gaining independence from British rule in 1947 and nascent state could not help its communities reduce gap among them. The main factor that kept crippling the nation factor was state-controlled communication that served general masses, but did not voice for the genuine need of variety of communities to come closer to create homogeneity. A s a result, Pakistan faced the first jerk in 1971 when it lost Bangladesh, the then East-Pakistan (Umm-e-Habiba, (2002). The remaining area of Pakistan bears same cultural distribution of people as it had before 1971 as the East Pakistan was a separate part of land of the nation. This diversity in population has turned into serious threat for national integration for the land in recent years as the differences are emerging at a rapid pace in some parts like Baluchistan and Saraiki belt aggrieved by the policies of the ruling class and absence of fora like community radio. Radio by and for the community, be that a physical one or a community of interest, quotes Mary Myers after years of experience and expertise in international media development (CIMA, 2008). He stresses upon the participation of community transforming itself in all aspects. UNESCO report (2001) on Community Radio defines radio as follows; (Cammaerts, 2010). Community broadcasting is a non-profit service that is owned by a particular community, usually through a trust, foundation, or association. Media Act 1995 of Hungry states community radio as non-profit broadcasters and defines its duties in the words to follow that it agrees to serve national, ethnic or other minority goals, cultural aims or a disadvantaged group, or intends to serve as the public life forum of a community, provided it uses financial profit generated by the broadcasting, as recorded separately, solely for the maintenance and development of the broadcasting (Act 1 of 1996, Article 2) (Hungarian Federation of Free Radio, 1992). This definition clears the position of community radio as non-profit entity dedicated to serve a specific group of a geographic location. Right from its origin, community radio is a tool to bridge the gaps between people and their surroundings, whether it is another group or their government. In this scenario, researcher intends to study whether the concept of community radio can help combat these problems where such type of radio in addition to Public Radio and Commercial Radio is invented to serve the stated purpose. For this reason, researcher is keen to explore the impact of already on-aired community radios in different cities of Pakistan. If it is a successful experiment so far, it can save Pakistan from getting into more troubled waters in terms of the exploding factional differences and glue the society together through provision of the highly needed local ventilation of their deep concerns. Objective of the Study: Objectives of the study are; To gauge the role of community radios in educating people towards a healthy society. To study the context and contents of programs being on-aired for the purpose of promoting the sense of social co-existence. To measure the penetration of community radios in serving infotainment needs of listeners. To compare and explore the difference of educational approach of selected community radios. To explore the level of participation of people towards selected community radios. To measure the satisfaction level of listeners of selected community radio. To measure the difficulties faced by selected community radios in terms of technical and financial resources in their effort to educate society. Rationale for the study: The aim of the study is to analyse the efforts of community radios of selected areas of Pakistan in educating people to build a healthy and peaceful society by feeding the need of people for information and right direction by providing them with the desired outlet at local levels. As it is clear from the definition of community radios, it has capacity to change the minds of people in positive direction by serving them and enabling them to know their rights and responsibilities. Cultural preservation, language protection, education of individuals, reducing religious differences, ethnic problems, gender discrimination, digital divide and extremism, enhancing women empowerment, helping disaster management can be done through community radio. It also enhances peoples participation in community development that directly increases their sense of responsibility. It is high time for Pakistan to make its people realize their worth as a member of society where every individual can play a vital role in strengthening the roots of democracy and rule of law. Thus, the role of community radios, if it be run-on philosophical lines behind its emergence, can change the future of country, the reason researcher intends to study and measure the role of selected existing community radios in Pakistan. Scope of Study: Scope of the study is broad based and far reaching. It contemplates deep implications as the concept of community radio can play vital role in fostering social development among the deprived and digitally divided parts of Pakistan. As a developing state, Pakistan needs to address many grave issues out of which educating minds of people towards their role in social development and responsibility towards state are sublime and the most immediate ones. It can be done by airing the voice of the voiceless and broadcasting for grass root level. This study will help evaluate the current scenario of community radios as well as measure community mobilization through them. It will also help media practitioners design future strategy for setting up effective community radio. Literature Review: A literature review is a systematic search and analysis of published information that the scholars and researchers have written on a topic (8). It helps to reduce the chances of duplication along with indicating the direction of your research scope to maximize the reward of research. The study at hand intends to examine the role of community radios in social development of Pakistan. The researcher has planned to explore the following possible sources to sharpen the conceptual and theoretical dimensions of the study. Research Journals Theses Books Online Articles Online books, newspaper magazine articles etc Sharma. K.J. (2003) in his book Digital Broadcasting journalism studies the evolution of community radio in the world. He stresses upon the need of more number of community radios in order to bring people together. He gives example of Radio Mahaweli of Sri Lanka established in 1979 by UNESCO and DANIDA after the launch of construction plan of hydroelectric dam in the area. It helped local community move efficiently to new homes. The six year broadcast of mobile radio played a vital role in smooth and successful movement of a great number of populations. He argues that third world countries specially the African and Asian need to improve the structure of community radios for fighting the hardships and bringing about better growth rate. Tahir. N. S. (2010) in her article Community Radio Still a Tool of Social Change. Still a Far Cry in Pakistan studies the history of radio in Pakistan and discusses the current development of community radios. She calls government dictorial regime of media responsible for slow development of community radios. She fears local ethnic and extremist authorities to misuse these community stations for illegal operations. She concludes that it is right time for the Pakistan to realize the importance of community radios and establish as vast network of the same as possible to curb social evils like extremism corruption. The question of misuse does not stand authentic anymore when a proper authority in the form of PEMRA exists to make sure a well directed and regulated use of community radios. Kanayama. T. (no. 29, 2007, Keio Communication Review highlights the role of community radio. In his research article Community Ties and Revitalization: The Role of Community Radio in Japan he tells how community radio plays a role in revitalizing local community in Japan. With the localism movement, most influential of all in the Japanese campaign for community broadcasting (Radio) was the government information policy in late 1980, which eventually enforced the community broadcasting law in 1992 to provide local information to local people via community radio, also community FM. Since the earth quake of 1995, importance of balanced and timely information of community radio has been realized. Community radio has also played a vital role in motivating people for the construction of new system after the collapse of existing one. It played a role of revitaliser for the community of Japan. Zahid. M. (2007) in his research Role of Radio in Disaster Management. the case study of PUFM 104.6 at Muzafarabad studies the role of radio in disaster management. He takes example of PUFM 104.6 which, after earth quake of 2005, started its services for feeding the information needs of disaster hit people. He concludes his study by declaring radio a successful tool to help fight crises and disasters. He also favours this idea by calling it economical and the quickest way to bridge communication gap in disaster management. Information for development, an international research journal of India that encompasses the role and relevance of ICT (information communication technology) in various development sectors such as rural development, gender, governance, micro-finance, education, health, wireless communication, ICT for poor, local content, culture and heritage and many more published a report on community radio in Pakistan in 2008. This report took into account the history of community radio in Pakistan before and after the establishment of PEMRA. It takes into account the reasons for slow development of community radio in Pakistan and questions PEMRA about it. This report also describes the role of already established commercial and campus radios for training media students. It also highlights the problem of pirates who had been running illegal radio stations in Baluchistan and Azad Jammu Kashmir. It urges PEMRA to play more efficient role in establishing more number of community radios for the welfar e of society. Once again in 2010, AMARC and Pakistan Press Foundation appealed for setting up community radio in flood affected areas in Pakistan. In the statement they said, the authorities have been asked to be flexible and responsive to proposals for the establishment of community based broadcasting mechanisms so that any information gap that exists among the affected people is fulfilled and relief operations are made highly effective. They also acknowledged the role of radio in disaster management and crisis in earth quakes of Haiti and floods of Indonesia. Further, in the advocacy of their appeal they added, There is a need to complement these efforts by bridging the gaps of information at the very local levels and among displaced people. This can be effectively achieved by setting up emergency community radio stations. This appeal was heard and UNESCO, with help of local authorities, established radio stations at the cost of $400,000/-. (15) Pakistan Press Foundation (2012) organised a three days workshop for the training of media professionals to work for the betterment of society. They invited experts and scholars of the time to train media professional to play active role in community development. It was agreed that community radio are playing vital role in improving gender justice and women empowerment. Thus, vowing to spread and strengthen the network of community radios to rural areas as early as possible. IFEX report (2010), reviews the role of its partner foundation of Pakistan called Pakistan Press Foundation (PPF). The report takes into account all activities of PPF to establish visible and effective network of community radios since the Pakistan faced first huge natural calamity of the present century in 2005 in the form of earth quake. IFX appreciates the policies of PPF to help bridge information gap of disaster hit population after they lost all infrastructure of sources of information. Furthermore, this report believes that change is gaining ground after the struggle of PPF and deprived areas and people are now able to receive required information to be useful part of community. It stresses upon the continuity of this effort to maximize it to the maximum possible limit. Theoretical Framework: Stephen Littlejohn Karen Foss (2008) define theory as any organized set of concepts, explanation and principles of some aspects of human experience. (Cited in Baran Davis, 2009, p.11) Theory and research are interrelated to each other in a way that theory is important to conduct a research to provide basic guideline, whereas research helps in constructing, building, modifying or testing theories. The theories used to support this study are the democratization or democratic participant theory. It emphasizes and supports following namely; The medias multiplicity; Local nature of media; Usage of the media in small scale; De-institutionalizing media; Reciprocal part of recipient or communicator; Horizontal media; Involvement and interaction. Democratization / Democratic Participant Media Theorys stapleprinciples are summarized by Mc Quail, in the year 1987. The principles are mentioned below: Minority-groups and individuals must be capable of enforcing the claims made by them for: Freedom of approaching to media. Freedom of asking for the service against the needs, demanded by them, to the media. Medias organization and message content should be designed in such a way that it is not affected by the bureaucratic and political control. Existence of media should be proved in respect of the interests and need of the recipients should not be justified in respect of interests and needs of media entity, professional workers of media or the advertisers. Communities, organizations and groups must own media individually. Participatory, small-scale and interactive types of the media have been considered of more profit in comparison to unidirectional and large-scale media. The latter are taken into use only by professional-media-workers. Generally, needs of the society are not taken into consideration by the well established media. Democratic Participant Media Theoryconsiders communication or mass media as very important and should be managed by the professionals. Democratic-participant theory is in the support of following points: Freedom to associated local data. Freedom for answering back Freedom for using new communication means for the purpose of interaction Freedom of taking social-action in community, subcultures and interest-groups small-scale settings of subcultures and interest group. Research Question Methodology: Research Questions: Do community radios educate people in Pakistan? If so, to what extent? What is level of participation of communities in achieving goals of community radios? Do community radios have enough resources to carry out their functions in Pakistan? Do community radios fulfil infotainment needs of listeners? If so, the extent of fulfilment and loopholes if any. Does content of community radios promote the sense of social co-existence in Pakistan? Hypotheses: H.1. Community radios are efficient tools for educating people of Pakistan. H.2. Community radios are helping bridge gap of infotainment needs of listeners. H.3. Content of community radios is promoting the sense of social co-existence in Pakistan. H.4. Communities are participating in achieving goals of community radios. H.5. Community radios do not have enough resources and facilities to carry out their functions in Pakistan. Methodology: Methodology is a research strategy that translates ontological and epistemological principle into guidelines that shows how research is to be conducted. (Sarantakos, 2005, p.30) To study the the role of community radio in social development in Pakistan. A case study of RASTA FM 88.8, UAF FM 100.4 PUFM 104.6, the researcher will use the survey research method and content analysis. The researcher will make an effort to test the research questions and hypotheses by selecting universe and drawing out an appropriate sample, followed by measurement rules, data presentation and analyses. Methodology: The researcher selects the survey method for the study. Surveys are methods of data collection in which information is gathered through oral or written questioning. Oral questioning is known as interviewing and written questioning is accomplished through questionnaire, which are administered to the respondents by mail or handed to them personally by the researcher in their homes, at work, at school or any other place they are returned to the researcher after completion. These are also known as self-administered or self-completion questionnaire. (Sarantakos, 2005, p.239). The researcher has selected questionnaire as a tool for the collection of data. The proposed research study contains two kinds of questions. Open-ended questions Close-ended questions Open-ended question requires respondents to generate their own answers. (Wimmer Dominick, 2011, p.187). In Close-ended question respondents select an answer from a list provided by the researcher. (Wimmer Dominick, 2011, p.188). The researcher also intends to use the content analysis method as well. Ole Holsti (1969) offers a broad definition of content analysis as any technique for making inferences by objectively and systematically identifying specified characteristics of messages. (Holsti, 1969) According to Dr. Klaus Krippendorff (1980 and 2004), six questions must be addressed in every content analysis: Which data are analyzed? How are they defined? What is the population from which they are drawn? What is the context relative to which the data are analyzed? What are the boundaries of the analysis? What is the target of the inferences? The researcher plans to analyze the programs of selected community radios in order to test the hypothesis and research questions to reach final conclusion. Universe: To define the universe is to specify the boundaries of the content to be considered. (Wimmer Dominick, 2003, p.145). The universe of present study is the community radios of Pakistan. Sample: A sample is a subset of the population that is representative of the entire population. (Wimmer Dominick, 2003, p.84). The sample of the present study is listener of selected community radios of Pakistan. The researcher selected three community radios of Pakistan that are following: RASTA FM 88.8, Lahore PUFM 104.6, Lahore UAF FM 100.4, Faisalabad The researcher has selected these radios because Lahore is the capital of Punjab, And Faisalabad is the hub of business of Pakistan where students have better opportunities for educational and all the educational institutes are well equipped with technology, and community radios of these areas are considered efficient in their working for the mobilization of community. Also, the community of these areas is well educated as compared to those of other parts of country and people of these areas are considered to be more efficient and active to play their role for their society. Listeners will be selected through simple random sampling which is a type of probability sampling. Simple random sampling is a sampling, where each subject or unit in the population has an equal chance of being selected. (Wimmer Dominick, 2006, P.82) Sample size: The sample of the present study are listeners community radios of Pakistan and the sample size would be 100 respondents from each radio station, so the total sample size would be of 300.