Local Literature Essay

Personality is the sum of one’s personal characteristics. It is one’s identity. The teachers, more than any other professional are momentarily subjected to scrutiny to the minutest detail and observation by those they associate with. Teachers are judged more strictly than the other professionals. The personality they project determined the impressions they make upon students’ and colleagues. Their poise, bearing and manner of dressing create a stunning and attractive appearance. Their facial expression communicates a friendly and amiable disposition. Personalities may be described as authoritative, weak, dynamic, or â€Å"magnetic†. Teachers’ personality must be natural and genuine, that is, devoid of pretenses and artificiality. They must be consistent, true and authentic. (Corpuz & Salandanan, 2006 p.12) In the highly complex world of human relations, it is essential that the conscientious teachers be concerned not only with how students’ interact with her but how they interact with their peers and with other adults. But concern is not enough. Little can be accomplished until students’ problems pertaining to human relations have been identified. (Salandanan, 2010 p.18) Once the teachers is more aware with the social relationships among her students’ she is in the better position to select a technique for teaching human relations. Toward this end, the teacher must first identify students’ problems pertaining to human relations. The identification such problem gives the teacher a basis for considering what techniques for improving human relations she might employ. (â€Å"Teaching techniques for improving human relations†, p.459 n.d) No single factor can contribute more to an improved student achievement than the guarantee of a quality teacher in every classroom. No amount of classroom facilities and instructional materials can produced the desired learning outcome without a teacher at the center stage. Quality is synonymous to competence, creativity and commitment, contextualized in the teaching profession. Competence highlights a teacher’s adequate knowledge, proficient skills and trustworthiness. Creativity is a kin to originality,  flexibility and innovativeness. Worthwhile values of compassion and commitment provide the fine ingredients that make teaching truly humane and enriched with a sincere feeling of accountability. Quality teachers’ can be found in our schools today. Adequately prepared through quality pre-service programs and continually motivated to grow while in the service, their competence to teach is assured. The attitudes and values that they project in and out of the classrooms, in the home and community, provide positively and satisfactorily the answer to the perennial search for quality teachers. As paragons of virtues and progressive attitudes, they truly deserve the priceless rewards, recognition and emulation of the whole nation. With full pride and confidence, every parent and community can lay upon their chests the growth and nurturance of their sons and daughters for a promising future. (â€Å"Quality teacher†, p.7-11 n.d) The teacher rightfully deserves to be enthroned at the center stage of any educational endeavor. She is the distinct ray of light that illumines the mind touches the heart and buoys aloft the spirit of the young. Every effort, initiative or enterprise aimed to educating the young needs a magic hand to provide the much-needed direction, guidance and energy throughout the educational journey. Assuming a number of roles that a leader, counselor, assistant and instructional manager, there is no task that demands more waking hours, strength and attention than the teaching-learning episode. Competent teachers produce competent students. The desire to grow and learn more and more is vital to the development of an exceptional proficiency and capability needed in the teaching profession. As a concluding statement, a definitive teacher personality is a picture of one who possesses outstanding mental, personal and social traits. Has a strong aptitude and interest in teaching the young, steep in worthwhile values and attitudes and competent in both content and teaching methodologies. The teacher with a definitive personality is bound to reach the minds and touch the hearts of the young. (Aquino, 2008 p. 35-38) Travis W. Twiford, Chair Mary E. Yakimowski-Srebnick Steven M. Janosik Louis O. Tonelson Stephen Parson (2012) â€Å"The Influence of Teaching Methods on Student Achievement on Virginia’s End of Course Standards of Learning Test for Algebra I† Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Virginia Beach, Virginia. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10062002-202857/unrestricted/HAASDISSERTATION.PDF SYED SHAFQAT ALI SHAH (2009) IMPACT OF TEACHER’S BEHAVIOUR ON THE ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS. University Institute of Education and Research. Rawalpindi, Pakistan. http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Thesis/293S.pdf Amy C. Thomason (2011) TEACHER PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL CHARACTERISTICS: CONTRIBUTIONS TO EMOTIONAL SUPPORT AND BEHAVIOR GUIDANCE IN EARLY CHILDHOOD CLASSROOMS. The University of North Carolina at Greensboro. North Carolina. http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/Thomason_uncg_0154D_10586.pdf Chang, Ya-Ching, â€Å"Students’ Percepti ons of Teaching Styles and Use of Learning Strategies. † Master’s Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2010. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/782 Sylvie Marguerite Raymond (2008).Effective and Ineffective University Teaching from the Students’ and Faculty’s Perspectives: Matched or Mismatched Expectations. University of Exeter. Doctor of Education. https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/40767/RaymondS.pdf?sequence=1 Jeffrey Sprenger (n.d).STRESS AND COPING BEHAVIORS AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS. Health Education and Promotion. http://thescholarship.ecu.edu/bitstream/handle/10342/3548/Sprenger_ecu_0600M_10405.pdf?sequence=1 UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS Abejuela R., almeniana C., Caballero J., Gomez N., Salles M. (2007). Teaching Beliefs and Teaching Intentions of Daycare Teachers. College of Education, PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. Acuà ±a L., Gadia M., Gaspar R., Rodrigo J., (2008). Academic achievement of selected education students involved in extracurricular activities. College of Education, PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. Aguilar A., Basibas K., Castillo R., Cruz M., Pontiyon A., et al (2007).Non-intellective factors affecting the Academic Performance of Freshman High School Students in Mathematics at Sta. Lucia High School.School year 2006-2007.College of Education, PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. Balle M., Feraaro L., Guinto J., Palaming I., Umali C. (2011).Level of Social Skills and Academic Achievement of Selected Grade II Pupil. College of Education, PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. Banzuela R., Pumas M., Peckson W. (2006).Self-Conceptand Academic Performance in Mathematics of Selected Pinagbuhatan High School Freshmen.College of Education, PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. Barreno C., Casuga M., Intalan P., Ocampo D., (2007).Motivation on Teaching among First Year Bachelor of Elementary Education Students. College of Education, PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. Bartolome J., Borlagdatan M., Cinco A. and Tumonog L., (2013).Teaching Strategies of Secondary Mathematics Teachers in Elementary Algebra and its Relation in the Performance of the Students.College of Education, PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. Benito G., De leon M., Baga R., (2004).Teachers morale and work motivation at Pasig Central Elementary School Pasig City.College of Education, PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. Calià ±go J., Laguitan L., Nagales M. and Tingson S., (2006). â€Å"The Relationship between the Self-Esteem and Achievement Motivation of selected College Freshmen. College of education, PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. Castillo A., Santos K., Beltran L., Dueà ±as J., Ibardo I. (2006).â€Å"The relationship between Students Learning Styles and their Expectation of Relationship with Faculty.College of Education, PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. Conise C., Rivera M., Vinarao M. (2008). Attitude Towards Teaching Profession and Level of Pedagogical Knowledge among Third year and Fourth year Education Students. College of Education, PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. Cruz L., Ruiz A., Umali M., (2012). Self-perceived difficulty and expectation of peer teacher and parents to the performance of third year geometry students.College of Education, PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. Cruz P., Hernando M., Jimenez S. (2008). â€Å"Perception on English Teacher Quality and Use of Instructional Media among third year students of three secondary schools.College of Education, PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. Dayandante G., Echual M., Gavileà ±o J., Mangalus S., Telmo M., (2008). Perception on the Quality of Tests Administered to selected Freshmen Students. College of Education, PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. De Guzman J., Facistol R., Lorenzo A., Pascua J., Pelisigas R., et al (2009). Relationship of Achievement and Attitude Motivation‚ Anxiety and Aptitude in Mathematics.College of Education‚ PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. De Leon T.‚ Delmindo K.‚ Ebot M.‚ Maà ±oso E.‚ Otayco J. (2007).â€Å"The Relationship between Trust in and Respect for Teachers and Student autonomy and Influence in the Classroom†.College of Education‚ PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. Laurente J.‚ Lumbao J.‚ Meà ±oza R.‚ Miguel K.‚ Nicolas L.‚ et al (2010). Relationship of Teacher’s Profile‚ Instructional Materials and Instructional Methods used Teachers Teaching Styles and Mean Score in the National Achievement Test of Napico Elementary School. College of Education‚ PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig. Molar V., (2010).Teachers’ Personality and Pupils’ Learning Behavior of Grade Five at Nagpayong Elementary School S.Y. 2009-2010; an assessment. College of Education, PamantasanngLungsodng Pasig.

Choose 2 or 3 poems and explore how Hopkins’ use of language and the structure of the poems

* Creates a sense of place and/ or a sense of person * Conveys what the poet feels about the place/ person * Creates a sense of change/loss * Conveys strongly to the reader Hopkins' strong beliefs about God/ his duties as a priest/ the human condition/ the environment/ the natural world. I am going to look at the poems Inversnaid and Felix Randall and compare the language and structure used in each poem. I chose these poems because Hopkins conveys a strong sense of place in Inversnaid and a strong sense of person in Felix Randall and he describes the progression of each. They therefore provide a good comparison. Inversnaid is about a Highland stream and its journey is described in four stanzas. The first stanza describes the stream rushing down a mountainside when it reaches a dark pool in the second stanza. The third stanza shows the stream at a entle pace until it reaches home and in the final stanza, Hopkins conveys his own ideas on nature and the landscape. The emphasis in this poem is on the exact details of the stream and its journey rather than God's almighty presence which is what makes Inversnaid an unusual poem for Hopkins because in his other poems there is usually some to reference to God and his Christian beliefs as a priest. Hopkins creates a sense of place by appealing to the senses of the reader- sight, sound and touch. He creates an exact visual image of the stream and its andscape by describing the exact colours, ‘horseback brown, fleece of his foam'. The ‘fleece of his foam' makes you think of a sheep's white fleece and the word fleece makes you think of the texture as well. By associating the colours with common things that everybody recognises like horse and sheep, it allows the reader to imagine exactly what he's describing and it helps the poem appeal to a wider audience because everybody knows what a horse or sheep looks like. Hopkins compares the sound of the stream to ‘flutes', which makes you thi nk of a soft tinkling sound and you can imagine the sound of the stream. Because ‘flutes' is at the beginning of the sentence it suggests the stream is echoing the sound of a waterfall. Hopkins uses words like ‘wiry, flitches (ragged brown tufts)' which help create a sense of place because you can imagine the texture of the landscape. The alliteration and repetition used in the line ‘degged with dew, dappled with dew' emphasises the appearance of the landscape. The words degged and dappled also describe the appearance of the land around the stream because they suggest the idea that the landscape is heavy, shiny and speckled with dew. Hopkins creates a sense of change by describing the stream's movement from its ‘roaring down' to its smooth flowing. He uses words which the reader immediately associates with movement. For example ‘roaring', which is a word normally associated with a lion, when combined with ‘rollrock highroad roaring down' provides the image of the stream rolling and rushing over rocks because rollrock is an onomatopoeia- a word which mimics its sound. The rhythm and alliteration in this line also contribute to imaging the stream's movement. In the second stanza, Hopkins has included words such as ‘turns, twindles and rounds and ounds'. These clearly describe the stream's movement and are all onomatopoeias so the words sound like their action. The assonance and repetition of 'rounds and rounds' enforce the idea that the stream is going round and round. Finally, the second line of the third stanza ‘brook treads through' shows the water's smooth movement. Almost every two lines of Inversnaid ends in rhyme (froth, broth) and there are usually four stresses per line: This darksome burn, horseback brown The pronounced rhyme scheme means you reach the climax in the final stanza of the oem faster because it makes the words flow easily and quickly. The final stanza is where Hopkins strongly conveys to the reader his strong beliefs about the environment. ‘What would the world be, once bereft//Of wet and wilderness? ‘ is a line where Hopkins challenges us which is the effect of the question. He is saying that if the world was robbed of these things, it would be nothing. The repetition of ‘let them be left' emphasises the thought from Hopkins that the wilderness should be conserved, especially with ‘O' at the beginning of the repeated phrase. The last entence of the last stanza begins with ‘long live' which shows Hopkins thinks the environment is very important and that places like Inversnaid should be left as they are forever. This opinion was reflected in a letter to his friend, Robert Bridges, where he expressed his fears about ‘the decline of wild nature'. The alliteration of l's and w's in this stanza adds to the rhythm and rapid delivery of it so that the last stanza is more pronounced and in turn Hopkins' views are more emphatic. The alliteration also helps emphasise his views. Long live the weeds and the wilderness yet. In the first half of this sentence the monosyllables used mean the point ‘long live the weeds' is succinct and so it is enforced. Unlike Inversnaid, Felix Randall is a poem about a person and his progression from a strong young man to a weak old man and finally death. We view him through the eyes of a priest who has known and cared for him. Also unlike Inversnaid, this poem contains many ideas about Hopkins' Christian faith and God and his duties as a priest, Hopkins creates a sense of person by opening the poem with direct speech so it as if the priest is talking to someone and we are overhearing heir conversation, which then moves to a meditation and we see the priest reflecting on Felix's life. The poem also opens with a rhetorical question which emphasises the point that it is as if we are overhearing a conversation. By telling the reader Felix was a farrier, it immediately conjures up many images and shows that Felix was part of a world of ‘craftsmanship and strength', which is also shown by the use of technical language belonging to this world (like forge). He describes Felix as a young man as ‘big-boned and hardy-handsome' and the alliteration of these phrases helps o create strong images of a big, rugged and masculine man. Hopkins describes Felix through his illness ‘impatient he cursed at first', which helps the reader get an idea of his character. He also calls him child which suggests vulnerability and that he is the child of God. In the last stanza, Felix is described as ‘powerful amidst peers' when he was at his best which suggests he was a leader and popular at the work place. Felix Randall is not just about the man in the title but also about the priest who cared for him when he was sick. Hopkins creates a sense of person with the riest by describing him at work and his duties as a priest like blessing the sick ‘anointed and all' and providing holy communion ‘sweet reprieve and ransom'. We also see more of the priest's character when Hopkins conveys what the poet feels about Felix and when he says ‘seeing the sick endears them to us'. This shows that the priest feels compassion for the parishioners that he tends to and that being a priest is more than just a job for him- which could reflect the feelings Hopkins felt for his parishioners and what he feels about Felix. In the third stanza it says that the riest has comforted Felix but he has also been touched by him ‘thy tears that touched my heart. ‘ Hopkins creates a sense of change by describing Felix first as he was young ‘big-boned and hardy-handsome' to ‘pining pining'. There is no punctuation between handsome and pining, which is enjambment, and the effect of this enjambment is that the words are emphasised and so the change from Felix being big-boned to him pining is also emphasised. In the same stanza, Felix is describes as becoming senile and loosing ability to reason, ‘ when reason rambled in it'. Hopkins describes the hange from Felix loosing his ability to reason to having a ‘heavenlier heart' and so he had more piece of mind after being blessed and receiving holy communion. It's in the last stanza that Hopkins conveys a real sense of change when he says ‘how from then forethought of, all they more boisterous //years', suggesting what a long way, and what a change it was from Felix being healthy, loud, young, energetic to how he was before he died, ‘fatal four disorders'- his body giving up mentally and physically. The poem conveys strongly to the reader Hopkins' strong beliefs about his duties as priest by having ‘duty' in the first line of the poem and in the priest's conversation so it's his natural thought and it shows that duty comes first. This is also emphasised because there is a stress on the word duty. Hopkins feels his duties as a priest are to bless the sick when they are dying so they feel more at ease about dying. By doing this it makes him more worthy ‘us too it endears. ‘ He also feels his duties as a priest are to offer spiritual comfort, help his parishioners to seek forgiveness from God and to offer the promise of new life by giving them ‘sweet reprieve and ransom'. Unlike Inversnaid, Felix Randall is a sonnet and has a sprung rhythm. This is when the single stresses come one after the other with no unstressed syllables or a single stress plus any amount of unstressed syllables. There are usually six stresses to a line in this poem whilst Inversnaid has four. Felix Randal, the farrier, O he is dead then? my duty all ended Whereas in Inversnaid Hopkins uses compound words that he has made himself, like twindles (turns and dwindles), he uses colloquial language-Lancashire dialect, ‘all road ever he offended', in Felix Randall, which gives a strong sense of spoken voice nd emphasises the point that it feels like we are overhearing a conversation between the priest and someone else. It also makes the poem less stiff and more emotive because it is someone's thoughts and feelings spoken in their own dialect. The use of colloquial language in this line is to convey a profound spiritual truth as it is saying ‘may all his sins be forgiven'. I prefer Felix Randall because I think Hopkins creates a much stronger sense of person than place and it's much more interesting. I think the structure of the poem is better because it is more effective in conveying Hopkins' ideas. By starting with Felix suffering from a serious illness, and then describing how the priest was able to help him and the benefits the priest gained from that and finally to comparing Felix Randall at his prime to how he was at the end of his life makes it a more emotional poem than Inversnaid. The fact that the poem contains ideas of a person's suffering means that a lot more people can relate to it, than to a poem about a Scottish landscape, because everyone has suffered or seen someone else suffer the effects of old age. The use of colloquial language also makes the poem more accessible. ‘Ah well, God rest him all road ever he offended! ‘

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The Effect of Doubling Quantity of Money - Research Paper Example We will discuss the effect of doubling the quantity of money, an increase in willingness to work and a fall in the propensity to save, and their effect on the interest rates, price levels or inflation and the level of national output. The nominal quantity of money can be defined as the money measured with a particular currency and the quantity is directly proportional to the level of prices, in this case therefore the nominal quantity of money is equal to the price level multiplied by real money, where real money is the quantity of money and is usually a constant. The doubling of nominal quantity of money can be analysed using the quantity theory of money which states: MV = PQ where M is money supply, V is the velocity of money, P is prices and Q is the output level. PQ, therefore, is the nominal value and as the equation depict if this doubles then the other side which is MV must also double. Therefore we expect that the money supply will have increased and as a result then the inflation level will rise, inflation is the increase in the price level in the entire economy. When the nominal quantity of money doubles then the level of prices to rise in the economy, as the level of prices increases then we expect also that the output level will increase as more investors and producers produce more goods and services due to the high prices in the economy. When the level of the nominal quantity of money increases then we expect the level of interest rates to increase, the increase in interest rates will be a policy measure to ensure that the money supply in the economy is reduced in order to deal with the high inflation level in the economy. For this reason, therefore, the interest rates will rise in order to reduce the money supply.

Mass Media, Violence and Hate Research Proposal

Mass Media, Violence and Hate - Research Proposal Example 1. Source: Anderson, C. A. & Bushman, B. J. (2001). Media violence and the American public: Scientific facts versus media misinformation. American Psychological Association. 56(6/7), 477-489.  Description: The paper talks about the relationship between media violence and aggression, and the impact on the American people.  Evaluation: The authors argue that the 50 years of news coverage in United States (U.S.) on the association between aggression and media violence have confused the U.S. public. The authors are well knowledgeable in their expertise. The argument is strong since the mass media is not very sure of the link between media violence and aggression. The argument is weak because there are research studies that have proved a link between media violence and aggression.   Ã‚  Relation: Media violence has been covered in this paper and thus, it is important to the research.  2. Source: Perrone, S. & White, R. (2001). Racism, ethnicity and hate crime.  Description: The paper explores the relevance of racism and ethnicity to hate crime. Among the many factors attributed to these vices, mass media is one of them.Evaluation: The authors argue that racism penetrates the lives of the ethnic minority youths in a way that it enhances violence as a practical solution to the problems of identity and status. The authors have a firm background in the field. The argument is strong because one way in which racism penetrates these people is through the media

Abnormal Psychology Essay Example for Free

Abnormal Psychology Essay Jeffrey Dahmer was a sex offender and serial killer mainly between the years 1978 and 1991. He is well known for his severely atypical behaviors. Among his outward manners that are recognized as abnormal are paraphilia-specifically necrophilia and sexual sadism. Jeffrey Dahmer’s victims, whom were boys and men, suffered from rape, violence, dismemberment and finally their murders. Dahmer’s slow progression of killings soon turned into an obsession, which would later land him in prison with a sentence for fifteen life terms or a total of 957 years in prison. Jeffrey Lionel Dahmer was born to Joyce and Lionel Dahmer in Wisconsin, and eight years later moved with his family to Ohio. In his younger years, between the ages of ten and fifteen, Jeffrey became more and more antisocial; he was very quiet and socially distant from his family members and had signs of anhedonia (loss of interest in hobbies and interactions with people). Discovered later, this behavior may have been caused by peers at school consistently mocking Jeffrey without him putting up any defense for himself. See more:  The 3 Types of Satire Essay His fetishes and discoveries of unique hobbies began in a biology class in 9th grade where Jeffrey and his classmates dissected a fetal pig. At the end of the class, Jeffrey collected the remains of the pig and returned to the house, deciding to keep its skeleton. Dahmer’s fascination with this initial incident began to grow and carry over to other animals, such as dogs and cats. In an interview with Stone Phillips Dahmer says, â€Å"There may have been some violence involved, some underlying subconscious feelings of violence I just it was a compulsion, it became a compulsion. As this continued throughout his teenage years, Jeffrey Dahmer began to consume alcohol regularly. In the same interview he admits, â€Å"I was drinking a lot during that time and just, I don’t know, looking for some way to find some fulfillment, some pleasure and I acted on my fantasies and that’s where everything went wrong. † Soon, his alcoholism, too, got out of hand and he became an alcoholic while still finishing high school. Jeffrey Dahmer attempted to attend college at Ohio State University, but his lost of interest in attending classes combined with his heavy consumption of alcohol caused him to drop out after only a quarter of a semester. During this time, his parents, Joyce and Lionel got divorced. Jeffrey’s father made him join the Army after dropping out of Ohio State, but after a couple years, his alcohol problem again caused him to be removed. After being discharged from the Army, Dahmer decided against facing his father so he decided to live in Miami, Florida where the majority of his time was spent in a hospital. In 1981 Jeffrey Dahmer was first arrested for public intoxication. In 1982, Jeffrey went back to Wisconsin to live with his grandmother. Late nights, alcohol binges, and belligerent behavior characterized his time living there. His grandmother was tolerant of his peculiar behavior at first, which included several strange incidences: she had found a male mannequin dressed up in Jeffrey’s closet, a . 357 Magnum under his bed, and she could recall many instances where awful smells would waft from the basement. Dahmer once claimed that the terrible smell was from a squirrel that he had caught, killed, and dissolved with chemicals. (Dahmer’s father was chemist, and this claim was made from Jeffery to his father; it seems as though Jeffery told his father so that he would be proud of him). Jeffrey was arrested again in 1982 and in 1986, both times for indecent exposure. The second offense that he was arrested for in 1986 was for masturbation in front of two young males. It was only two years later that Jeffrey’s so-far-tolerant grandmother told him that he could not live with her anymore due to the many strange happenings. Jeffrey was arrested in the same year, 1988, for sexually fondling and drugging a young teenage boy (age thirteen); for this, he was put on probation for five years and for one year he was assigned to a work release camp where he was registered as a sex offender from the incident with the thirteen year old boy. Due to good behavior and a built up trust with the authorities, Dahmer was paroled from his work release camp two months early. Jeffrey Dahmer began killing at age eighteen, which was during the summer of 1978. Since this was after his parent’s divorce, Dahmer’s mother no longer lived at the same house and his father was away for business duties. Jeffrey had brought a man over to the house offering to drink alcohol with him, and when the man tried to leave, Jeffrey beat him to death with a ten-pound weight to the head. Dahmer did not murder again until nine years later where he killed a man randomly after picking him up; Dahmer said he could not recollect anything about this murder. After the second murder, Jeffrey Dahmer’s killings increased dramatically adding two more to the same year (1989), five the following year (1990), and several after that. On July 22, 1991 Jeffrey Dahmer was arrested for the alleged 17 murders (which would later be reduced to 15). Psychological Functioning: Jeffrey Dahmer is a unique human being who struggled with necrophilia, which is having sexual attraction to corpses. Upon arrest, officers found many severed heads, dismembered body parts, an altar made of skeletons, and several corpses. This makes Dahmer seem like a collector in a way, but I think that his collections go beyond what people might consider a just a fetish. Often, those who are diagnosed with necrophilia behave in this was because they strongly desire to have full possession of and control over someone without the person resisting or refraining from being with them. I think this is a lot of what Jeffrey Dahmer dealt with in his life because he confesses it himself in his interview with Stone Phillips saying, â€Å"The only motive that there ever was- was to completely control a person, a person that I found physically attractive and keep them with me as long as possible, even if that meant just keeping a part of them. † Another reason for necrophilia could be a person’s desire for increased self-esteem; being attracted to a corpse was the only way Jeffrey could avoid rejection. As we know that Jeffrey was teased and picked on when he was young and during his teenage years, I think that his murders and necrophilia are related to these difficult times in his life. I think that once he established that he could have control over his victims, he went on a power trip and began to obsess over the supremacy he felt when he was controlling someone. It is reported that during the times that Dahmer was picked on and mocked in school, he never stood up for himself and never fought back. I think this led to an internalization of his feelings. He most likely built up some hostility to those people who tormented him and took advantage of him. Jeffrey Dahmer also began his attraction to males in his teenage years as he reports going to gay bars and bath clubs. The combination of his withheld anger and aggression towards his tormentors and the frustration that came from being attracted to men could have very well led to his outward aggression and finally to his killing spree. When Jeffrey talks about the things that he would do to victims, especially evident in his first crime, his pattern began to develop and it is in direct correlation to these things: he would seek out men (doing whatever it took to draw their attention), he would get them alone one way or another (either by bring them to the house or drugging them), and after having sex with them or taking advantage of them in whatever way he found pleasurable he would kill them. While he found it enjoyable to partake in sexual encounters while them men ere still alive, Jeffrey Dahmer found himself even more attracted to the corpses of those men and he found it fascinating to dismember them and keep just â€Å"a part of them. † I believe that this is where his necrophilia came from. In Jeffrey’s first murder we can see the power struggle where he desired to have sex with the man who wanted to leave. Through his sexual desires, Dahmer channeled his anger that he was being rejected and he lashed out and beat the man to death in the head with a ten-pound dumbbell. This extreme behavior is what leads me to believe that he showed signs of sadism. A sexual sadist finds pleasure in inflicting physical pain on someone and watching him or her suffer. I also can see that maybe Dahmer was frustrated with his sexual desires toward men and he felt his only way to stop this was to destroy the root of the problem; unfortunately, Jeffrey saw the men he was attracted to as his problem and in his desire to eliminate his problem he began killing the men who made him feel this way. In some ways, I am also convinced that Jeffrey Dahmer was competent and could take full responsibility of the killings because of his strategic behavior. His victims and murders were not random. Dahmer was also able to recognize that he was not completely satisfied in his initial encounters with the male species and when those things were no longer enough for him, he started purchasing sleeping pills in order to first drug his victims so that he could then take advantage of them. If Jeffrey Dahmer was not sane and competent than this organized behavior would not be evident in his tendencies. In the interview with Stone Phillips, Dahmer says, â€Å"After the second time, it seemed like the compulsion to do it was too strong and I didn’t even try to stop it after that; but before the second time, things had been building up gradually: going to bookstores, going to the bars- the gay bars, bath clubs; when that wasn’t enough, buying sleeping pills using it on various guys in the bath clubs. It just escaladed slowly but surely and after the second time which was not planned, it was out of control—it felt like it was out of control. The way that he uses his words here implies that he does take responsibility and that he fully knew what he was doing; as he says, â€Å"it was out of control—it felt like it was out of control,† he recognizes that he had the ability to make a choice and he chose to sexually victimize the men he was attracted to and then kill them. I am convinced that all of the things mentioned above lend themselves to his atypical functioning, but one thing that was not addressed was his parent’s role in all of this. Although they were divorced and parted during a time in Jeffrey’s life where he was having difficulties in other areas, I do not think that this was an issue or trigger to any of his behaviors. In an interview Jeffrey actually defends his parents saying that it makes him mad when people accuse them of playing any role in his decisions because they were not even aware of the type of issues Jeffrey was dealing with. From what Dahmer admits, we know that it was a gradual escalation of compulsive feelings that led to his abnormal behaviors. On November 28, 1994 while in prison, Jeffrey was beaten by an inmate and died from head trauma.

Philosophy of Human Nature Essay Example for Free

Philosophy of Human Nature Essay Evil can be used in two ways- when someone has done evil and when someone has suffered evil. Since God is good, God does no moral evil; however, because God is just, God punishes the wicked and thus causes the evil of punishment. People are the cause of their own evildoing. Furthermore, because learning is good a thing, we do not learn evil. It is people’s inordinate desires that drive their evildoings. There are two laws- eternal law and temporal law. Both laws are good and guarantee people to live perfectly. To live perfectly and well, we need to know that we are alive, that we live with reason and understanding. And when the impulses of the soul are guided by reason, a person is perfectly ordered- eternal law. However, it is possible that the reason or mind does not rule. According to Augustine, this can only happens if a person’s own will and free choice make the mind a companion of cupidity. It is up to us to decide whether we want out will to be good or bad, and whether we desire things we can lose or we can’t lose. Thesis (What is the central point of the reading? Use no more than three sentences. ): Augustine claims that people do evil by the free choice of our will. Your questions So if God is all good and omnipotent, then why will God allow anyone to do evil by the free choice of their will? If we are images of God, and God is all good and omnipotent, shouldn’t we be all good and not act in ways that conflicts with God’s image?

The Effects Of Plastic Waste Environmental Sciences Essay

The Effects Of Plastic Waste Environmental Sciences Essay Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semi synthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products. Millions of plastic products are manufactured each year throughout the world. As the technology for their production increases, even more products will enter the plastic age. The major chemicals that go into the making of plastic are highly toxic and pose serious threat to living beings of all species on earth .So, there are many aspects that affect the plastic: the environmental and include human, plants and animals and in economic terms. All of this cost a lot of money because finding alternatives require a lot of researches and studies which is expensive either.. We have many solutions for this problem such as recycling and we introduce the step of recycling and the effect of recycling .Finally how can we reduce using of plastic? Introduction almost certainly you will see plastic. Our homes, offices, schools, hospitals, factories -indeed, our entire surroundings are dominated by products made from this material. We live in the age of plastics; bright, attractive, colorful, long-lasting, relatively inexpensive substances whose invention has revolutionized the manufacturing industry. Plastic certainly have advantages. Unfortunately, they also bring problems to our world, not the least among these being the generation of vast quantities of waste material. This report will speak about : The definition of plastic History of the plastic Chemical structure Types of plastics and their uses: Good plastic Bad plastic Damage of the plastic The Effects of Plastic on environmental The Effects of Plastic on Human The Effects of Plastic on plant The Effects of Plastic on animals The Effects of Plastic on economy Solutions to avoid plastic problems Plastic Recycling Solution to avoid using of plastic. Definition of plastic: We must know When plastic invent?. Also where it use in that time ?. All this question we will answer it in this part of report. In addition, we will tell you about chemical structure for plastic to know why it does not Degrad? History of the plastic : Plastic is a term of a polymeric material. In 1855 Alexander parkes invent the plastic and he called it parkesine but later it called celluloid. The plastic was revealed in London at 1862 Great International Exhibition. However, some polymers which can occur naturally like rubber wasnt known until 1910 when was the development of synthetic polymers. In 1909 Leo Baekeland invented phenolics or Bakelite a plastic material. Little would he have realized then what a profound effect this and other plastics would have upon ourselves and our earth. His invention marked the beginning of a new plastic age that has transformed many aspects of industry and our lives. Great enthusiasm greeted the discovery, and plastic was labeled the manufacturing material of the future. When those polymers appears,people thought that it is suitable to the engineers needs. Bakelite was one of the first developed commercial plastics and they used as a cover of early radios. Later on, in the second world war plastic like nylon and polyethylene used as replacement material for other materials in short time. Because the early plastics were not complete chemically stable, it become popular as a unreliable and cheap material. Nevertheless, the plastic technology was developed which let the plastics to be very useful and reliable as a material to design product. The plastic characterized by its light-weight , the possibility to colored when manufacturing. Plastics are used widely for products packaging and other applications where mechanical strength is not conceder premium. And plastic can model complex shapes in an easy way. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™ Chemical structure Thermosets assumed to have unaccounted of molecular weight. But in fact its common range around 20,000 and 50,000 amu . these chains are composed of a sequence of molecular units are called repeating units. The majority of plastics have polemers of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, chlorine and oxygen or sulfur for the backbone. The backbone of the chain is the part that function as a linking of a big number of repeating units. But what gives the plastic its qualities are the molecular groups that connect the backbone. This set of polymer properties of repeating molecular structure units allowed plastic to be an important part of the twenty first century. Plastics are organic liquids which dissolve in big qualities into solid polymers. This effect the the chain to be regardless of the disappearance by a liquid of oil. This lisette them to make them slide over each other easier . this what makes plastic very flexible and reduced its tensile strength the plasticier should not own a vapour pressure or it will leave the plastic brittle again when it is evaporates. It proved to be clean, inexpensive, long-lasting, strong, and able to be produced in a wide range of bright and attractive colours.The irony is that their strength and durability are two of the factors which make plastics cause serious disposal problems. Types of plastics and their uses: There are around 30 different types of plastic in regular use. We will tell you about four kinds of plastic that people use it and it some time we can say it is good for use, Also we will write some kinds of them. Then we will write about bad plastics that human use. Good plastic: Probably the easiest to identify is Polyethylene Terephthalate, or( PET). It is used for the clear plastic bottles which we find in supermarkets, containing fizzy drinks such as lemonade and cola. PET soft drink bottles make up about 20 per cent of all moulded plastic containers. Seventy per cent are soft drink bottles made of another type of plastic.it was known as the safest and as a well known plastic and easy to be recycled. However, recently they found that traces of DEHP in a water bottles kept in PET bottle for over 9 months. . Called high-density polyethylene or (HDPE). Scrap from PET is used to make fibre fill, a lining material for jackets, pillows and sleeping bags. It is also used as lining in the upholstery of furniture and as a fiber in the construction of carpets. HDPE plastic is used in the manufacture of garden furniture, flower pots, toys, dustbins and various other sorts of plastic containers. HDPE is considered safe and easy to recycle. (LDPE) Low density polyethylene, used in gro ­cery plastic bags , some bottle and most of the plastic wraps. So now can you guess the number of plastic bags used in the world per year? 500 billion per year !!. In other words, thats almost 1 million plastic bags used per minute it is popular by its safety but difficult to recycle. polypropylene (PP) used in most deli, syrup, rubber maid, yogurt and soup containers, and some straws besides baby bottles. Bad plastic: (PVC) or (V) or (DEHA) : Polyvinyl chloride used for wrap, , some types of plastic compress cooking oil, peanut butter jars and bottle like, window cleaner bottles and detergent. (PVC) is famous to be connected with liver cancer. (DEHA) is related to the harmful effects on bone structure, spleen, body weight , liver and kidney. And this is recyclable the least. (ps) polydtyrene used to make eggs cartons, bowls, not reusable cups and plastic plates and styofoam food trays. Styrene is filtered from polystyrene and it conceder toxic to the nervous system and the brain .PS also known to affect liver, red blood, kidneys and stomach in animals studies . and it is not easy to recycle this type of plastic. Polycarbonate used in sports water bottles, metal food , clear plastic cups, body bottles, water bottle of 5- gallon and plain plastic dishes. The new plastic with bio- base can be labeled number 7. It has the ability to leak Biphenyle A, the material that the hormone estrogen. It is known to increase prostate cancer, produce ovarian dysfunction, genetic damage , etc . Millions of plastic products are manufactured each year throughout the world. As the technology for their production increases, even more products will enter the plastic age. Many of the plastic products around you are made by a process known as injection moulding. Molten plastic is squirted into a mould, where it quickly cools and reproduces the shape and form of the mould itself. When the plastic has cooled, the mould is opened to revel the finishing product. This amazingly quick and accurate process is used for a variety of goods, from dustbins to high-precision watch parts, and including items such as kettles, irons and cookware. Almost no labour cost are involved, and therefore plastic products are inexpensive compared to those made from the materials. They are also colorful, attractive and easily cleaned. We are living in plastic age, with its many advantages. Unfortunately, it is an age which brings inevitable and serious problems for our earth. And as support for information we put a Pie chart to see the Percentage of different types of plastics found in Egypt. Also a picture show the important types of plastics and in what it use? Damage of the plastic The Effects of Plastic on environment: There are many of the damage caused by the plastic of living organisms (human, animal and plant). Plastic contains some chemicals that are difficult to Nhalilha and constitute a threat to the ocean environment and living organisms. plastic factories produce a great amount of green house gases and carbon dioxide . which lead to significant increase in global warming that can change many species habitats therefore their numbers will decrease. another fact that most kind of plastic diffuse toxic pollutants to the atmosphere, besides burning plastic generate toxic fumes fuse with the air. In addition these toxics can leak to the soil and groundwater and cause contamination of soil and groundwater which makes it impossible to grow the plants . these harmful chemicals have the ability to conflict with hormones in the body which is a major reason of many disease and faultiest in cells functions. The Effects of Plastic on Human: Plastic contains chemicals that cause damage to the nervous system and immune system and some genetic diseases. If the plastic exposed to high temperature is produced from the melt poisonous substances called dioxins, causing this article some tumors, birth defects, genetic mutations, and cause gas and vehicles Alheidrockeropponip liquid resulting from plastics pollution in the air and the earth, as well as causing chemicals resulting from the manufacture of plastics, such as oxide, ethylene, gasoline and Alaakslin destruction of the nervous system and immune system and certain types of cancers, kidney disease, and this chemical pollution dangerous resulting in poisoning of food and causing health problems are complex, most important of which increase the chance of infertility and disease cancer and hormonal imbalance in the body and disturbances in the nervous system and imbalance in the mental capacity. Prevents heating food in the microwave using plastic containers, especially tho se of food containing fat, which leads to the food poisoning which affects the body and human health. The Effects of Plastic on the plants: Bags and volumes of plastic if stabilized volumes and bags on the plants to prevent the arrival of sufficient light to also prevent them from breathing at night and hinder its growth, if you reach this material to the soil to prevent it from breathing and ventilation, may reach hundreds of years, because most microorganisms can not analysis of plastic materials, plastic bags that need to be 1000 years to decompose in the soil. because they contain chemical analysis difficult. The Effects of Plastic on animals: The plastic is a danger to marine animals, when you get these materials to the seas and oceans is destroying the marine environment. When you get to work on the dam fish gills and prevent them from breathing and cause death. As well as causing damage to wildlife that may be addressed, causing blockage of the gastrointestinal tract and lead to death. Furthermore, around 100,000 animals like dolphins ,penguins and turtle whales are killed because of the plastic bags. Many animals eat the plastic bags by mistake this problem doesnt end in here because later when these animals died , the animal body will decompose but the plastic will not decompose and it will kill another victim. The Effects of Plastic on economy: Plastic types are vary , some of them are petroleum -based plastic . which need more than 12 million barrels of petrol in its industry ,this type of plastic has a sharp increase in its price because of the petrol price . So scientists tried to find alternative materials for the petrol so they suggested to use oil shale and tar oil but it still expensive .besides people use plastic in big amount which can affect the economy of the individuals and country for example many people in the countries where water cannot be consume ,they buy bottled water which cost a lot yearly and increase the amount of plastic waste ,for that environmental groups like Clean Up the world suggest to find places of the good water to let the people use them instead of the bottled water. However ,all of this cost a lot of money because finding alternatives require a lot of researches and studies which is expensive either. Solutions to avoid plastic problems Plastic Recycling There are many studies try to solve plastic problems in earth. But we didn`t wrote about all this studies. We will talk about the most effect solution. Then we will take about some proposals can help to less a damage of plastic.

Requirements For An Apophantic Sentence :: essays research papers

Logic, as it appears in its everyday form, seems to stand on its own, without any requirements to needed to justify its existence. However, it is commonly overlooked that "logic is the science and means of clear . . . communication." Consequently, many sentences are regarded as logical, which in reality are illogical. It can therefore be found that the language used to communicate this logic must be carefully constructed using a certain format in order to form a logical statement. The requirements in such a sentence include a subject, the verb "to be", a predicate containing information that is relevant to the subject by means of the verb "to be", an adjective, and it must have correct reference numbers. Therefore, logic must consist of sentences of a certain kind, in order to be formatted with the intention of revealing or displaying something. It is because of the former items that a logical sentence cannot exist unless it contains all of the previous ly mentioned grammatical parts. The definition of a subject is: the object in a sentence about which something is said. A logical sentence can, therefore, not exist without a subject, for the simple reason that nothing can be revealed about an object that has not been revealed to the potential obtainer of the logic. Simply stated, if there were no subject, the logical sentence would have nothing to show something about. "Being seems to be presupposed in every apophantic sentence," and it is for this reason that the verb "to be" is required in all sentences of that sort. A verb is that which displays action, existence, or occurrence. Nothing can be displayed concerning the subject of the logical statement unless the subject exists, unless it "is." A predicate must also be present in a logic sentence, and it must be relative to the subject by means of the verb "to be." It is necessary for the subsistence of such a sentence because of the previous definition of the subject. The subject is the item about which something is said, and the predicate is the part of the statement that says something about the subject. In other words, nothing can be revealed about the subject in a logic sentence unless something is said about that subject. However, the predicate must be tied to the subject by the verb "to be", otherwise the result would be that the predicate would be making a statement about a subject that does not exist. Requirements For An Apophantic Sentence :: essays research papers Logic, as it appears in its everyday form, seems to stand on its own, without any requirements to needed to justify its existence. However, it is commonly overlooked that "logic is the science and means of clear . . . communication." Consequently, many sentences are regarded as logical, which in reality are illogical. It can therefore be found that the language used to communicate this logic must be carefully constructed using a certain format in order to form a logical statement. The requirements in such a sentence include a subject, the verb "to be", a predicate containing information that is relevant to the subject by means of the verb "to be", an adjective, and it must have correct reference numbers. Therefore, logic must consist of sentences of a certain kind, in order to be formatted with the intention of revealing or displaying something. It is because of the former items that a logical sentence cannot exist unless it contains all of the previous ly mentioned grammatical parts. The definition of a subject is: the object in a sentence about which something is said. A logical sentence can, therefore, not exist without a subject, for the simple reason that nothing can be revealed about an object that has not been revealed to the potential obtainer of the logic. Simply stated, if there were no subject, the logical sentence would have nothing to show something about. "Being seems to be presupposed in every apophantic sentence," and it is for this reason that the verb "to be" is required in all sentences of that sort. A verb is that which displays action, existence, or occurrence. Nothing can be displayed concerning the subject of the logical statement unless the subject exists, unless it "is." A predicate must also be present in a logic sentence, and it must be relative to the subject by means of the verb "to be." It is necessary for the subsistence of such a sentence because of the previous definition of the subject. The subject is the item about which something is said, and the predicate is the part of the statement that says something about the subject. In other words, nothing can be revealed about the subject in a logic sentence unless something is said about that subject. However, the predicate must be tied to the subject by the verb "to be", otherwise the result would be that the predicate would be making a statement about a subject that does not exist.

Terrorism and Subcultural Theory of Crime :: essays research papers

The horror of domestic terrorism is a problem all Americans should be concerned with, especially since there is a violent subculture in this nation which seeks out and indoctrinates people into their way of life. The crime that I will be focusing on during the course of this paper will be domestic terrorism, specifically hate groups such as the KKK, and various other white supremacy groups. The theory that I will be using to try and explain these crimes will be subcultural theory, but more especially the Subculture of Violence theory provided to us by Marvin Wolfgang and Franco Ferracutti. The reason I will be using his specific subcultural theory is because I feel that it bests describes how the people in these situations are desensitized to the evils they do and then begin to believe that the acts and beliefs are normal, or superior to all other views.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The issue of domestic terrorism has been a fairly recent phenomenon. With little attention given until such acts as the Oklahoma City Bombing and the Unabomber made national headlines. It is because of this that there has been little research done on the area and most of the research there is focuses on the hate groups associated with the acts of violence. A strong force in the domestic terrorist movement is the fervent anti-government stance that these groups internalize. As Mark Hamm wrote in 1997, â€Å"I used the term apocalyptic violence to depict not only the astounding carnage witnessed on that day, but also to describe the anti-government counter-culture to which Timothy McVeigh and his accomplices belonged. In this statement he is referring to the assault on the Branch Davidian complex in Waco, TX. It is believed by many that this is the act which pushed McVeigh to bomb the federal building in Oklahoma City. Hamm went on further to argue, â€Å"The fede ral government had created an apocalyptic subculture in the hinterlands of the USA. And that it had done so through its ruthless use-of-force at Waco.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is the belief of these groups, most specifically the white supremacy groups that the government is corrupt and run by inferior people, anyone not Anglo-Saxon white, and the country needs to be cleansed. The issue of hate groups has been plaguing this country for many decades but only in recent years have they begun to organize to the tune of committing massive acts of violence and terror.

The Chosen Essay -- essays research papers

The Chosen, By Chaim Potok Friendship While many obstacles get in the way of friendship, true friendship still lives, even in silence. In the book, The Chosen , By Chaim Potok, two boys, Reuven Malter and Danny Saunders, who are very religiously different and both raised in completely opposite ways, develops a deep friendship. Their friendship opens up their worldview to many other different viewpoints in life. The friendship between these two boys is one with great religious significance, starting off with destiny and Gods will. As Danny and Reuven’s Friendship develops, it teaches them to respond wisely to the values of the more complex and secular world. It also teaches the true value of friendship. Because Danny’s father, Reb Saunders, raised Danny in silence, Danny and Reuven’s relationship was also a way that Reb Saunders could talk to his son, through Reuven. There friendship grows and they become closer and closer. Many things were pushing Danny and Reuven to become friends at first, but after being open to the fact of a friendship, they instantly became friends and it was easy for them to discuss there activities, desires and their fears. The two boy’s initial distrust and hatred for each other still didn’t make it hard for them to talk, the talked with comfort and no fear â€Å"Yesterday I had hated him; now we are calling each other by our first names. I sat and listened to him talk. I was fascinated just listening†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 68) Even though there friendship started off with hatred after talking, they got to know each other. They shared their goals, dreams, their education and their families with each other freely. Mr. Malter, Reuven’s father, tells Reuven what a friend is defined as, and tells Reuven to give Danny a chance to get to know him better, because Danny needs him. â€Å"You Know what a friend is Reuven? A Greek philosopher said that two people who are friends are like two bodies with one soul† (pg 74) The Differences between these boys are what set them apart, but when they finally talked, under the instructions of their fathers, they developed a strong connection which later on led to a deep friendship. After Reuven Rejected Danny for what he did to him, Mr. Malter tells Reuven a little bit about who Danny is, and why he needs a friend like Reuven. â€Å"Reb Saunders son is a terribly torn and lonely boy, there is literally no one in the world he can... ...xactly get in the way, but it helped build their friendship. Danny and Reuven became more comfortable with who they are and with each other. After Danny and Reuven’s hate for each other, many things pushed them to become friends and not only Danny and Reuven needed each other to go into a relationship, but their parents needed them too. There friendship was undeniable. Even after there friendship was banned, they became silenced, but lived on. It was hard, but because of there true friendship, when there relationship was renewed and the banned was lifted, they became stronger than ever. There friendship helped each other live their lives and make choices that were from there own heart, and not the heart of there parents or community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This topic shows us that even though it doesn’t always seem likely that a person needs a friend, some people need someone to talk to or someone to help them open up and to be revealed to a whole new life. We should learn by this topic that our friends shouldn’t always be clones of ourselves and we should be listening and helping our friends. Even through the toughest times, through silence, true friendships always last.

Shadow Kiss Chapter 27

Twenty-seven NONE OF THE OTHERS appeared to have noticed our absence. More guardians, as promised, had shown up, and we now had almost fifty. It was a veritable army, and much as with the Strigoi, the numbers were unprecedented, aside from old European legends of great epic battles between our races. We had more guardians on campus, but some had to stay behind to protect the school. A lot of my classmates had been drafted for that duty, but about ten or so (including me) were accompanying the others to the cave. An hour before departure, we met again to go over the plan. There was a large chamber near the far side of the cave, and it made the most sense for the Strigoi to be there so they could head out right away once night came. We were going to attack from both ends. Fifteen guardians would go in from each side, accompanied by three Moroi each. Ten guardians would remain at each entrance to hold back any escaping Strigoi. I was assigned to watch the entrance on the far side. Dimitri and my mother were part of the groups actually going inside. I wished desperately that I could have been with them, but I knew I was lucky to be along at all. And on a mission like this, every job was important. Our little army set out, moving at a brisk pace to cover the five miles. We figured that it would take a little over an hour, and there would still be enough daylight for the fight and return trip. No Strigoi would be stationed outside on guard duty, so we could reach the caves undetected. Once our people were inside, however, it was almost a given that the Strigoi's superior hearing would immediately alert them to the attack. There was little conversation as we approached. No one felt like chatting, and most talk was of a logistical nature. I walked with the novices, but every once in a while, I'd glance over and meet Dimitri's eyes. I felt like there was an invisible bond between us now, so thick and intense that it was a wonder everyone couldn't see it. His face was battle-serious, but I saw the smile in his eyes. Our group split when we reached the closest entrance to the cave. Dimitri and my mother were going in here, and as I gave them one last glance, my feelings had little to do with my earlier romantic interlude. Everything I felt was worry, worry I'd never see them again. I had to remind myself that they were tough – two of the best guardians out there. If anyone would come out of this, it was them. I was the one who needed to be careful, and as we walked the half-mile around the mountain's base, I carefully placed my emotions in a small compartment in the back of my mind. They'd have to stay there until this was over. I was in battle mode now and couldn't let my feelings distract me. When we were almost to our entrance, I caught a silvery flash out of the corner of my eye. I'd been keeping the assorted ghostly images that lived outside of the wards away, but this was one I wanted to see. Glancing over, I saw Mason. He stood there, saying nothing, wearing his perpetually sad expression. He still seemed unusually pale to me. As our group passed by, he held up one hand, as a farewell or benediction, I didn't know. At the cave's entrance, our group split up. Alberta and Stan were leading the group in. They stood poised at the entrance, waiting for the exact time they'd agreed upon with the other group. Ms. Carmack, my magic teacher, was among the Moroi going in with them. She looked nervous but determined. The moment came, and the adults disappeared. The rest of us stood there, lined up in a ring around the cave. Gray clouds hung in the sky. The sun had begun its descent, but we still had awhile. â€Å"This is going to be easy,† murmured Meredith, one of three other girls in the senior class. She spoke uncertainly, more to herself than to me, I think. â€Å"A slam dunk. They'll take out the Strigoi before any of them realize it. We won't have to do anything.† I hoped she was right. I was ready to fight, but if I didn't have to, it'd mean everything had gone as planned. We waited. There was nothing else to do. Every minute felt like an eternity. Then we heard it: the sounds of fighting. Muffled cries and grunts. A few screams. All of us tensed, bodies so rigid we nearly snapped. Emil was our leader on this, and he stood closest to entrance, stake in hand and sweat forming on his brow as he peered into the darkness, ready for any sign of a Strigoi. A few minutes into it, we heard the sound of footsteps running toward us. Our stakes were ready. Emil and another guardian drew closer to the entrance, ready to jump in and kill the fleeing Strigoi. But it wasn't a Strigoi who came out. It was Abby Badica. She was scraped up and dirty, but otherwise, she was alive. Her face was frantic and streaked with tears. At first, she screamed when she saw all of us. Then she realized who we were and collapsed into the arms of the first person she could get to – Meredith. Meredith looked surprised, but she gave Abby a hug of reassurance. â€Å"It's okay,† Meredith said. â€Å"Everything's okay. You're in the sun.† Gently, Meredith unwrapped Abby and led her to a nearby tree. Abby sat at its base, burying her face in her hands. Meredith returned to her position. I wanted to comfort Abby. I think we all did, but it would have to wait. A minute later, another Moroi came out. It was Mr. Ellsworth, the teacher I'd had in fifth grade. He too looked worn, and his neck showed puncture marks. The Strigoi had used him for feeding but hadn't killed him yet. Nonetheless, despite what horrors he must have faced, Mr. Ellsworth was calm, his eyes alert and watchful. He recognized the situation and immediately stepped out of our circle. â€Å"What's going on in there?† asked Emil, his eyes on the cave. Some of the guardians had earpieces, but I imagined in the midst of battle, it was hard to report back. â€Å"It's a mess,† said Mr. Ellsworth. â€Å"But we're getting away – in both directions. It's hard to tell who's fighting who, but the Strigoi are distracted. And someone†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He frowned. â€Å"I saw someone using fire on the Strigoi.† None of us answered. It was too complex to get into right now. He seemed to realize that and withdrew to sit near a still-sobbing Abby. Two more Moroi and a dhampir I didn't know soon joined Abby and Mr. Ellsworth. Each time someone came out, I prayed that it would be Eddie. We had five victims so far, and I had to assume that others were escaping at the entrance closest to the school. Several minutes passed, though, and no one else came out. My shirt was drenched, soaked through with sweat. I had to shift my hold on the stake every once in a while. My grip was so tight that my fingers were locking up. Suddenly, I saw Emil flinch. I realized he was getting a message through his earpiece. His face showed intense concentration, and then he murmured something back. Looking up at us, he pointed at three novices. â€Å"You – take them back to the school.† He gestured at the refugees, and then turned toward three of the adult guardians. â€Å"Go in. Most of the prisoners have gotten out, but our people are trapped. There's a stalemate.† The guardians moved in without hesitation, and a few moments later, the novices and their charges took off. That left four of us, two adults – Emil and Stephen – and two novices, me and Shane. The tension around us was so thick, we could barely breathe. No one else was coming out. No more reports were being made. Emil glanced up and looked alarmed. I followed his gaze. More time had passed than I realized. The sun was significantly lower. Emil suddenly flinched again as another message came through. He looked at all of us, his face troubled. â€Å"We need more in there to cover the escape on the other end. It doesn't sound like we've lost many. They're just still having trouble with the retreat.† Many, he'd said. Not any. That meant we'd lost at least one person. I felt cold all over. â€Å"Stephen, you go in,† said Emil. He hesitated, and I could read his dilemma like a book. He wanted to go in too, but as the leader for this side, he was supposed to stay stationed here until the last possible moment. He was on the verge of disobeying those orders, I realized. He was considering going in with Stephen and leaving Shane and me out here. Yet, at the same time, he couldn't bring himself to leave two novices here alone, should something unexpected happen. Emil exhaled, and he looked us over. â€Å"Rose, go with him.† I didn't waste a moment. Following Stephen, I slipped into the cave, and immediately, that nauseous feeling rolled over me. It had been cold outside, but it was colder still as we moved deeper. It was also darker. Our eyes could handle a fair amount of it, but it soon became too much. He flipped on a small light attached to his jacket. â€Å"I wish I could tell you what to do, but I don't know what we'll find,† he told me. â€Å"Be ready for anything.† The darkness in front of us began to fade. The sounds grew louder. We picked up the pace, glancing in all directions. Suddenly, we found ourselves in the large chamber shown on the map. A fire burned in one corner – one the Strigoi had made, not anything magical – that was providing the light. Looking around, I immediately saw what had happened. Part of the wall had fallen in, creating a pile of stones. No one had been crushed under it, but it had almost entirely blocked the opening to the other side of the cave. I didn't know if magic had caused it, or if the fighting had. Maybe it had been a coincidence. Whatever the reason, seven guardians – including Dimitri and Alberta – were trapped now by ten Strigoi. No Moroi fire users had been caught on this side, but the flashes of light coming through the opening in the cave-in showed me that they were still fighting on the other side. I saw bodies lying on the floor. Two were Strigoi, but I couldn't make out the others. The problem was obvious. Getting through the opening would require someone practically crawling. It would put the person in a vulnerable position. This meant these Strigoi needed to be taken out before the guardians could make their escape. Stephen and I were going to help even the odds. We came up from behind the Strigoi, but three of them sensed us somehow and turned toward us. Two jumped Stephen, and the other came at me. Instantly, I kicked into battle mode. All the rage and frustration poured out through me. The cave made for close fighting quarters, but I was still able to evade him. In fact, the close space was to my advantage because the Strigoi, with his larger size, had trouble ducking and dodging. I stayed out of his reach mostly, though he did grab hold of me long enough to slam me against the wall. I didn't even feel it. I just kept moving, going on the offensive. I eluded his next attack, got in some blows of my own, and, with my small size, managed to slip down and stake him before his next hit. I pulled out the blade in one smooth motion and went to help Stephen. He'd taken out one of his attackers, and between us, we finished the last one. That left seven Strigoi now. No, six. The trapped guardians – who were having difficulty in their pinned position – had killed another. Stephen and I jerked the Strigoi closest to us out of the circle. He was a strong one – very old, very powerful – and even with the two of us, he was hard to take down. At last, we did. With the Strigoi numbers reduced, the other guardians were having an easier time getting to the rest. They started freeing themselves from their trapped position, and their numbers alone were now an aid. When the Strigoi count was down to two, Alberta yelled at us to start escaping. Our alignment in the room had changed. We were now the ones surrounding the last two Strigoi. This left the path clear for three of the guardians to escape via the way I'd come in. Stephen, meanwhile, crawled through the hole to the other side. Dimitri staked one of the two Strigoi. One left. Stephen stuck his head back in and shouted something to Alberta that I couldn't quite make out. She yelled something back without looking at him. She, Dimitri, and two others were closing in on the last Strigoi. â€Å"Rose,† yelled Stephen, beckoning. Follow orders. That's what we did. I left the fray, scrambling through the hole more easily than he had, thanks to my smaller size. Another guardian immediately followed after me. No one was on this side of cave-in. The fight had either ended or moved on. Bodies showed that things had been intense, however. I saw more Strigoi, as well as a familiar face: Yuri. I hastily looked away toward Stephen, who was helping another guardian through. Alberta came next. â€Å"They're dead,† she called. â€Å"It sounds like there are a few more blocking the retreat down here. Let's finish this before the sun comes up.† Dimitri came last of all through the gap. He and I exchanged brief, relieved glances, and then we were on the move. This was the long part of the tunnel, and we hurried down it, anxious to get our remaining people out. At first, we encountered nothing, and then flashes of light indicated a fight up ahead. Ms. Carmack and my mother were fighting three Strigoi. My group closed in, and in seconds, the Strigoi were down. â€Å"That's it for this group,† my mother gasped out. I was grateful to see her alive too. â€Å"But I think there are more here than we thought. I think they left some behind when they went to attack the school. The rest of our people – that survived – have already made it out.† â€Å"There are other branches in the cave,† said Alberta. â€Å"Strigoi could be hiding in there.† My mother agreed. â€Å"They could be. Some know they're overwhelmed and are just going to wait us out and escape later. Others may come after us.† â€Å"What do we do?† asked Stephen. â€Å"Finish them off? Or retreat?† We turned to Alberta. She made a quick decision. â€Å"We retreat. We got as many as we could, and the sun is dropping. We need to get back behind the wards.† We took off, so close to victory, fueled by the disappearing light. Dimitri was beside me as we moved. â€Å"Did Eddie get out?† I hadn't seen his body, but I hadn't been paying much attention either. â€Å"Yes,† said Dimitri, breathing ragged. God only knew how many Strigoi he'd fought today. â€Å"We had to practically force him out. He wanted to fight.† That sounded like Eddie. â€Å"I remember this curve,† my mother said as we rounded a corner. â€Å"It's not much farther. We should see light soon.† Thus far, we were only guided by the jacket lights. I felt the nausea only a split second before they attacked. At a T intersection, seven Strigoi jumped us. They'd let the earlier party escape, but they'd been lying in wait for us, three on one side and four on the other. One guardian, Alan, never saw it coming. A Strigoi grabbed him and snapped Alan's neck so quickly that it looked effortless. It probably was. It was such a mirror to what had happened to Mason that I nearly came to a standstill. Instead, I doubled back, ready to get into the fray. But we were in a narrow part of the tunnel, and not all of us could get through to the Strigoi. I was stuck in the back. Ms. Carmack was beside me, and she had enough visibility to light up a couple of the Strigoi, making it easier for those guardians in the fight to stake them. Alberta caught a glimpse of me and a couple other guardians. â€Å"Start retreating!† she yelled. None of us wanted to leave, but there wasn't much we could do. I saw one guardian fall, and my heart lurched. I hadn't known him, but it didn't matter. In seconds my mother was on the Strigoi attacker, driving her stake through his heart. Then I lost sight of the fight as I rounded another corner with the three guardians with me. Farther down the corridor, I saw faint purplish light. The exit. Faces of other guardians peered in at us. We'd made it. But where were the others? We ran to the exit, emerging into the air. My group clustered by the opening, anxious to see what had happened. The sun, I was dismayed to see, was nearly gone. The nausea hadn't left me, which meant Strigoi were still alive. Moments later, my mother's party came tearing down the hall. By the numbers, one more had gone down. But they were so close. Everyone around me tensed up. So close. So, so close. But not close enough. Three Strigoi lay in wait in one of the alcoves. We'd passed them, but they'd let us go by. It all happened so fast; no one could have reacted in time. One of the Strigoi grabbed Celeste, his mouth and fangs going for her cheek. I heard a strangled scream and saw blood everywhere. One of the Strigoi went for Ms. Carmack, but my mother jerked her away and shoved her forward toward us. The third Strigoi grabbed Dimitri. In all the time I'd known him, I'd never seen Dimitri falter. He was always faster, always stronger than everyone else. Not this time. This Strigoi had caught him by surprise, and that slight edge was all it had taken. I stared. It was the blond Strigoi. The one who had spoken to me in the battle. He grabbed Dimitri and pulled him to the ground. They grappled, strength against strength, and then I saw those fangs sink into Dimitri's neck. The red eyes flicked up and made contact with my own. I heard another scream – this time, it was my own. My mother started to double back toward the fallen, but then five more Strigoi appeared. It was chaos. I couldn't see Dimitri anymore; I couldn't see what had happened to him. Indecision flashed over my mother's features as she tried to decide to flee or fight, and then, regret all over her face, she kept running toward us and the exit. Meanwhile, I was trying to run back inside, but someone was stopping me. It was Stan. â€Å"What are you doing, Rose? More are coming.† Didn't he understand? Dimitri was in there. I had to get Dimitri. My mother and Alberta burst out, dragging Ms. Carmack. A group of Strigoi were after them, skidding to a halt just on the edge of the waning light. I was still fighting Stan. He didn't need the help, but my mother grasped a hold of me and tugged me away. â€Å"Rose, we have to get out of here!† â€Å"He's in there!† I screamed, straining as hard as I could. How could I have killed Strigoi and not been able to break free from these two? â€Å"Dimitri's in there! We have to go back for him! We can't leave him!† I was rambling, hysterical, shouting at them all that we had to go rescue Dimitri. My mother shook me hard and leaned close so there were only a couple inches between us. â€Å"He is dead, Rose! We can't go back in there. The sun will be down in fifteen minutes, and they are waiting for us. We're going to be in the dark before we can get back to the wards. We need every second we can get – it still may not be enough.† I could see the Strigoi gathered at the entrance, their red eyes gleaming with anticipation. They completely filled the opening, ten I believed. Maybe more. My mother was right. With their speed, even our fifteen-minute lead might not be enough. And yet, I still couldn't take a step. I couldn't stop staring at the cave, back where Dimitri was, back where half of my soul was. He couldn't be dead. If he was, then surely I would be dead too. My mother slapped me, the pain snapping me out of my daze. â€Å"Run!† she yelled at me. â€Å"He is dead! You are not going to join him!† I saw the panic in her own face, panic over me – her daughter – getting killed. I remembered Dimitri saying he'd rather die than see me dead. And if I stood there stupidly, letting the Strigoi get me, I'd fail both of them. â€Å"Run!† she cried again. Tears streaming down my face, I ran.

Low Voltage Effects on Ac Motors

Low Voltage Effects on AC gets A drop in potential pass on result in a proportionate increase in modern. If the current exceeds the nameplate pass judgment and is not corrected, this arsehole result in damage to the take from all overheating Nameplate Rating An voltaic force leave imbibe a nameplate rating for both potential drop and amperage. When a unfold is on a force, the take must draw a fixed number of antecedent. The required power is ab come on represent to volts times amps. Should the voltage fall below the nameplate rating, the amperage rent increase. This ass result in increased heat that will tailor the labors liveness, according to Motorsanddrives. om. Torque The push back is bow to several kinds of crookedness. The head start or start-up torque is the heart and soul present when the labour is unmoving and power is applied. The pull-up torque is the tokenish summate necessary for the motor during the starting sequence. Effects of Low Volt age on Torque A cut back add together of voltage will reduce the amount of torque. This end result in hindrance for start loads. A reduction of voltage to 80 pct would result in a torque value of exactly 64 percent. In light loads, a reduction in voltage whitethorn really be preferable be caseful it will result in increased efficiency.Even a small voltage unbalance will result in vauntingly current unbalance during the runningning of motor by a factor of 6 times. detrimental material body sequence genes will fill to heating of motor Negative phase sequence currents leads to reduction in motor out typeset torque. Motor is forced to run at higher s oral cavity leading(p) to increased rotor loss and reduced efficiency. Electricity boards should look in to this phenomenon gravely where irrigation pump sets suffer the voltage imbalance, correct 1% loss of efficiency for the kingdom like India would mean a vast loss. HP irrigation pump sets with a measuring rod of 6 Lakh approximate, the loss of power would be 22MW and annual wastage of Rs. 47. 5 millions (At 3 Rs/unit, 4 Hrs of Pump working and 6 months season Keys to increase the service manners of industrial motors why do motors de component part? Certain divisors of motors dishonour with time and operating stress. Electrical insulation weakens over time with exposure to voltage unbalance, over and under-voltage, voltage disturbances, and temperature. Contact in the midst of moving surfaces causes discover.Wear is affected by tinkers damn, moisture, and acerb fumes and is greatly accele roamd when lubricating substance is misapplied, makes overheated or grime, or is not replaced at regular intervals. When any components ar degraded beyond the point of sparing repair, the motors economic life is ended. For the smallest and least expensive motors, the motor is put out of service when a component such as a c atomic number 18 dies. Depending upon type and commutation cost, l arger motorsup to 20 or 50 horsepower (hp) may be refurbished and get raw(a) miens, but argon usually scrapped aft(prenominal) a winding burnout.Still larger and much expensive motors may be refurbished and rewound to survive life indefinitely. An economic analysis should evermore be completed prior to a motors failure to pick up that the appropriate repair/replace close is made. Extend Motor Life with ameliorate Bearing C atomic number 18 Bearing failures be the root cause for the great mass of voltaic motor set ashoretime, repair and rehabilitation cost. Bearing and motor manufacturers are awake(predicate) of the situation. Motor repair shops can property much of their business to way failures.And motor users see flush failure as the fundamental cause of virtually every(prenominal) electric motor repair expense. Studies conducted by the Electrical Apparatus Service connection also demonstrate that accusation failures are by far the most commonalty cause of m otor failures. Knowing that bastard objectives are the Achilles heel of industrial electric motors is not a rude(a) judgment in maintenance departments, but what is new is recognizing that something can be done to retain most motor guardianship failures. Factors touch Bearing Life Electric motors substantially present a relatively lightsome duty for shaft intentions.The motor rotor is lightweight, yet because of its large shaft diameter, the objects are large. For example, the rushs supporting the 140 lb. Rotor for a typical 40 hp. 1800 rpm industrial motor are so large that they have an L-10 minimum design put on life of 3000 years, or 10 percent of the stances are statistically expected to fail from fatigue after 3000 years of exercise. lay operating experience, however, strongly contradicts such rose-colored estimates of motor bearing life. In actual industrial env pushments, bearing failure is seldom ca utilise by fatigue it is caused by less-than-ideal lubricat ion.Because of soil lubrication, bearings fail easily before they manage their theoretical fatigue life. There are many reasons for less than-ideal bearing lubrication. Lubricants can leak out chemical attacks or thermal conditions can decompose or break down lubricants lubricants can become contaminated with non-lubricants such as piss, dust, or rust from the bearings themselves. These lubrication problems can be eliminated. Motor bearings can last virtually continuously by simply providing an ideal contamination-free, well- lubricate bearing environment.Conventional wisdom teaches that such an ideal motor bearing environment can be provided by using a dry-running lip seal or using certain(p) (lubricated-for-life) bearings. Indeed, for many light-duty applications, such bearing breastplate techniques are often enough to allow bearings to last as ample as the equipment itself. However, these bearing defense methods have not significantly reduced the rate of bearing failur e in severe-duty industrial motors. Bearings in industrial applications continue to fail because of inadequate lubrication caused by lubricant loss, contamination, and annihilation and break-down. oral fissure seals invariably wear out well before the bearing fails, and sealed bearings inherently foreshorten the life of a bearing to the service life of the contained cover (usually lone(prenominal) about 3,000 to 5,000 hours for most industrial services). bread and butter professionals may find the following suggestions on how to forestall motor hearing failure obvious, but some new techniques and technologies are available. Lubricate Bearing at right Intervals Despite years of warnings from bearing manufacturers, over lubrication continues to plague many motor bearings. excessively much grunge can cause overheating of the bearings.The lubrication instructions supplied by the motor manufacturer will specify the touchstone and frequency of lubrication. Generally, two-pole moto rs should be diddly-shity wordd double a year, four-pole and slower motors only at one time a year. Use the Best ready(prenominal) Grease The most commonly used bearing grease is polyurea-based, a low-cost, low-performance, exceedingly compatible lubricant. However, it does not handle water system supply well, a serious drawback for many industrial applications. It reacts readily with water and loses its ability to lubricate bearings. Industrial motor bearings should be lubricated with a synthetic-based aluminum complex grease.A high-quality grease pays for its additional cost in reduced motor downtime and repair costs. Keep start Moisture Unless the motor is being hosed down or it operates in a humid environment, reasonably shielded motor bearings may not become seriously contaminated with moisture while the motor is running. However, when the rotor is shut down, moisture and condensation can collect on the surface of the bearing components. Eventually, this water breaks thr ough the oil and grease barrier, contacts the metal parts of the bearing, and produces tiny particles of iron oxide.These rust particles make an excellent craunch compound when mixed with the grease. resulting in premature failure of the bearing because of surface degradation. Preventing water contamination is a major argufy to bearing housing design. Close shaft-to-endbell clearances cannot check mark the movement of humid air. Contact seals will quit contacting, resulting in large gaps that allow movement of air and water vapor across the bearing. Vapor-blocking bearing isolators, such as the one illustrated, are among the more fortunate devices presently available to prevent water vapor from entering a stationary bearing.When the motor shaft is rotating, the isolator opens, eliminating the possibility of brush and wear. However, when the shaft is stationary, the isolator closes, preventing movement of air or water across its face. With no wear from rotating friction, the se al may last indefinitely, and sure enough as yen as the fatigue-failure life of the bearing. Keep Out Dirt Lip seals, contact seals, and frequent grease replacement help minimize the amount of dirt and former(a) air-borne abrasives that can contaminate bearing lubricant. These solutions, however, have some drawbacks.Lip seals have a short service life, and frequent grease displacement is expensive and messy. One victorious approach to keeping air-borne dirt and liquids out of an operating bearing is to install a labyrinth-type non-contact seal over the bearing housing. These bearing isolators, readily available from suppliers, combine a tortuous labyrinth path with violation and centrifugal forces to trap and remove air-borne dirt and liquid virtually no contamination can reach the bearing. Because the bearing isolator is a non-contact device, it will generally be the longest-lasting component of the motor.Although not intended as such, a bearing isolator could serve as an extre mity sleeve bearing if the primary bearing fails, possibly preventing damage to the motors stator and rotor. In emergency situations, the bearing isolator can allow continued operation for a short time and comfort prevent the need to rewind the motor when the bearing is replaced. Bearing isolators constructed of bronze or different non-sparking materials also can prevent savage sparks that could otherwise occur when the bearings rolling elements fail. Other SuggestionsImproved bearing protection and lubrication will reduce downtime and the maintenance costs of electric motors, but other consequential motor design features contribute to long service life, including over-sized high quality bearings, high technology winding insulation, superior fan design, high-performance paint (such as epoxy) and a strong, uncompromising cast iron frame. These features, usually standard or readily available, are ensnare in most industrial-grade severe-duty electric motors. high-performance be aring protection systems. however, are not universally accepted as subjective for long motor life.Specifying permanent bearing protection for new motors, or retrofitting isolators onto real equipment, usually requires initiative on the part of the users maintenance or engineering staff. Permanent, absolute bearing protection has a greater effect on motor life than any other decisions made in specifying, equipping, and caring for electric motors. Keeping bearings lubricated with the right amount of clean, uncontaminated, high-quality lubricant allows bearings in most industrial motors to outlast all other motor components.